{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1790089412834,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":396,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2021YFE0191600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0191600"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["21N31901100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21N31901100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan for Agricultural Project","award":["2021YFE0191600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0191600"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan for Agricultural Project","award":["21N31901100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21N31901100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Tongji University Education Development Foundation","award":["2021YFE0191600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0191600"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Tongji University Education Development Foundation","award":["21N31901100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21N31901100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coinfection with parasites and viruses can exacerbate disease transmission, outcomes and therapy. This study searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and JSTOR databases for publications on the prevalence of parasitic coinfection in people living with viruses from 1 January 2005 to 30 April 2022, and 356 studies were included and systematically reviewed. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the global prevalence of and factors potentially associated with parasitic infection (helminths and protozoa) in virus-infected people, and the infection burden was estimated. A variety of parasites (29 families, 39 genera, and 63 species) and viruses (8 kinds) were identified. The prevalence of parasitic coinfection in (all) virus-infected people was estimated to be 21.34% (95% CI 17.58\u201325.10, 5593 of 29,190 participants) and 34.13% (95% CI 31.32\u201336.94, 21,243\/76,072 participants) for helminths and protozoa, respectively. Specially, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people, the global prevalence was 19.96% (95% CI 16.18\u201323.74) for helminths and 34.18% (95% CI 31.33\u201337.03) for protozoa, respectively. The global prevalence of protozoa was 41.79% (95% CI 15.88\u201367.69) in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected people and 17.75% (95% CI 3.54\u201331.95) in DENV-infected people, respectively. The global burden of parasitic infections in HIV-infected people was 7,664,640 for helminths and 13,125,120 for protozoa, respectively, and that in HBV- and dengue virus (DENV)-infected people was 137,019,428 and 629,952, respectively. The prevalence of parasitic coinfection at the family, genus, and species levels in virus- or HIV-infected people were comprehensively estimated and further analyzed by subgroups. Among the most commonly identified parasites, the five helminth genera with the highest prevalence in HIV-infected people were Schistosoma (12.46%, 95% CI 5.82\u201319.10), Ascaris (7.82%, 95% CI 6.15\u20139.49), Strongyloides (5.43%, 95% CI 4.11\u20136.74), Trichuris (4\u00b782%, 95% CI 2.48\u20137.17) and Ancylostoma (2.79%, 95% CI 1.32\u20134.27), whereas the top five protozoan genera were Toxoplasma (48.85%, 95% CI 42.01\u201355.69), Plasmodium (34.96%, 95% CI 28.11\u201341.82), Cryptosporidium (14.27%, 95% CI 11.49\u201317.06), Entamoeba (12.33%, 95% CI 10.09\u201314.57) and Blastocystis (10.61%, 95% CI 6.26\u201314.97). The prevalence of parasitic coinfection in virus-infected people was associated with income level. The findings provide valuable global epidemiological information for informing normative guidance, improving surveillance, and developing public healthcare strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1748404328000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Global Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Parasitic Coinfection in People Living with Viruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaman","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningjun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Qadeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Kim B.","family":"Tabios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Biology and Control Program, University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os Zoonoses Center, Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"},{"name":"Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Kendrich C.","family":"Fontanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia R.","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Coordination, University of the East, CM Recto Avenue, Manila 1008, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Padre Faura, Manila 1000, Philippines"},{"name":"Graduate School, University of the Ease Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, 64 Aurora Blvd., Quezon City 1100, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8899-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banchob","family":"Sripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200331, China"},{"name":"Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Affiliated Shanghai Blue Cross Brain Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200020, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, May 19). 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