{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T03:39:12Z","timestamp":1771645152384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["ANPCyT PICT-2014-3281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANPCyT PICT-2014-3281"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Americas, the number of confirmed malaria cases decreased by 65.4% between 2000 and 2023, and malaria elimination is now in sight for many countries. Argentina is currently free of autochthonous malaria transmission. Until 2011, cases of malaria were concentrated in Northwestern Argentina, near the border with Bolivia, a country that continues to have malaria transmission. The Or\u00e1n department (Salta province, Northwestern Argentina) had particularly high transmission near a main road that is a pathway for migration from Bolivia. The purpose of this study was to identify which factors best explain the extent and timing of changes in the proportion of malaria cases in this area that were locally transmitted versus acquired in another country. Combining information from routinely collected case investigations, epidemiological surveillance data, and satellite imagery, we used a logistic model and a multi-level model of change to identify how demographic and place-level variables influence the proportion of malaria cases that were imported over time. The findings showed that the proportion of cases that were imported varied significantly over time, with a clear trend from predominantly autochthonous cases at the beginning of the study in 1977 (94.52%) to a majority of imported cases in 1992 (53.33%), a pattern that continued and intensified, reaching 76% imported cases by the end of the series in 2009. Nationality and place of work were key demographic factors influencing this shift. In particular, there was a change in transmission patterns after a cross-border intervention was launched in 1996. As Argentina has obtained certification of malaria elimination, these results may inform focal strategies for preventing re-introduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1748404328000},"page":"537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patterns and Determinants of Imported Malaria near the Argentina\u2013Bolivia Border, 1977\u20132009"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Erica","family":"Berlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5152-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto D.","family":"Coello-Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad de Guayaquil, Chile y Av. Olmedo, Guayaquil 090511, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cede\u00f1o-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad de Guayaquil, Chile y Av. Olmedo, Guayaquil 090511, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4738-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa M.","family":"Valle-Mieles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad de Guayaquil, Chile y Av. Olmedo, Guayaquil 090511, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6091-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul L.","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo), San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario O.","family":"Zaidenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n Nacional de Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud de la Naci\u00f3n, Salta 4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horacio","family":"Madariaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Estudios Geogr\u00e1ficos \u201cGuillermo Rohmeder\u201d, Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito 170121, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Dantur-Juri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo), San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo, Instituto de Gen\u00e9tica y Microbiolog\u00eda, San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n, Tucum\u00e1n 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia C.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024). World Malaria Report 2024: Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2021). World Malaria Report 2021, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zaidenberg, M. (2015). The Path to Malaria Elimination in Argentina, Lambert Academic Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"137","article-title":"Malaria and the Emergence of Rural Health in Argentina: An Analysis from the Perspective of International Interaction and Co-Operation","volume":"25","author":"Alvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Bull. Med. Hist."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Carter, E.D. (2012). Enemy in the Blood: Malaria, Environment, and Development in Argentina. Environ. Hist. Durh. N. 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