{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:48:06Z","timestamp":1792093686858,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the NextGenerationEU-MUR M4C2.I.1.3PNRR Extended Partnership Initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"EU funding within the NextGenerationEU-MUR M4C2.I.1.3PNRR Extended Partnership Initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["UP I83C22001810007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP I83C22001810007"]}]},{"name":"the INF-ACT Cascade Open Call 2023 (COC-1-2023-ISS-01)","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"the INF-ACT Cascade Open Call 2023 (COC-1-2023-ISS-01)","award":["UP I83C22001810007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UP I83C22001810007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) significantly impact global child health, with mosquito-transmitted infections like malaria and arboviruses accounting for a substantial portion of this burden. However, other arthropod-borne diseases\u2014transmitted by vectors such as ticks, fleas, sand flies, lice, and triatomine bugs\u2014also pose serious health risks to children worldwide. This review specifically excludes mosquito-borne diseases to concentrate on these less-discussed yet clinically important pediatric VBDs. We examine their clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment options, highlighting the unique vulnerabilities of children, including immature immune systems, behavioral factors, and communication barriers that can delay diagnosis. Additionally, we explore how environmental and anthropogenic factors, such as climate change and urbanization, are expanding the geographic range of these vectors, leading to the emergence of diseases like Lyme disease and leishmaniasis in new regions. By focusing on non-mosquito VBDs, this review aims to raise awareness and inform healthcare providers and public health practitioners about the comprehensive landscape of pediatric vector-borne diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Beyond Mosquitoes: A Review of Pediatric Vector-Borne Diseases Excluding Malaria and Arboviral Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"De Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragos","family":"Septelici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cipri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Nobilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00083-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00083-18","article-title":"Emerging Tick-Borne Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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