{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:33:23Z","timestamp":1791581603743,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["BR 218004\/0223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR 218004\/0223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis (TB) in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past seven years (2018\u20132024), which cover the before-, during- and after-COVID-19 periods, with a focus on the risks of its emergence and spread. The analysis revealed that while TB incidence is declining, mortality remains high in the before- and during-COVID-19 periods, indicating a general decline in population health. The concentration of TB incidence in relation to geographic location was mainly in the northern, western and southern regions. Before COVID-19, TB incidence reached 48.2 cases and mortality reached a maximum of 2.4 cases per 100,000 people. In 2024, the incidence and mortality of tuberculosis significantly decreased to 33.5 (30.5%) and 1.0 (58.3%), respectively, reflecting an improvement in health indicators in the post-pandemic period. In the after-COVID-19 period, in regions with high unemployment, the incidence was higher than in the before- and during-COVID-19 periods. Nevertheless, it is important that the trend in tuberculosis incidence shows positive improvement after the COVID-19 period. In addition, a comparative analysis of tuberculosis incidence trends in different age groups and social factor groups shows that the adult population remains the most vulnerable category among the general population. The above-listed factors, as well as our analysis of tuberculosis incidence, shows that TB incidence does not always correlate with the level of vaccination in different regions of Kazakhstan, indicating a multifactorial influence on the tuberculosis epidemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T06:00:49Z","timestamp":1749016849000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tuberculosis and Impact of COVID-19 on Spread of Epidemics in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhandarbek","family":"Bekshin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Collection of Microorganisms, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Askarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yergali","family":"Abduraimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Holding Qazbiopharm, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aralbek","family":"Rsaliyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Holding Qazbiopharm, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulmira","family":"Bissenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Collection of Microorganisms, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0970-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurgul","family":"Amirkhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Collection of Microorganisms, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhadyrassyn","family":"Nurbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Collection of Microorganisms, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8131-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliya","family":"Temirbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Republican Collection of Microorganisms, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"a615","article-title":"The Next Pandemic-Tuberculosis: The Oldest Disease of Mankind Rising One More Time Amer Saleem and Mohammed Azher","volume":"6","author":"Saleem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. 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