{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1780668681635,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nice University Hospital","award":["AOI 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOI 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high despite antiretroviral treatment (ART). Changes in gut microbiota and persistent immune activation have been suggested as possible causes, while the role of probiotic supplementation remains controversial. Methods: We included subjects with mild HAND and successful ART. They were randomized to receive either 6 months of high-dose probiotic supplementation or to continue with only ART. Immune activation markers and neuropsychological testing were performed at baseline and the end of follow-up. Neuropsychological testing assessed learning, episodic memory, attention\/concentration, executive functions, language, information processing speed, and motor skills. Z- and T-scores were calculated for all domains but motor skills, allowing the measurement of the global deficit score (GDS). The trajectories of neuropsychological performances and immune activation markers were compared between groups. Results: From September 2020 to July 2021, 31 PWHs were included (median age 62, 73% men, CD4 744 cc\/mm3), and 28 completed the 6-month follow-up. The characteristics of the subjects and their neuropsychological performance at baseline in the two groups were similar. At the end of follow-up, probiotics did not have any impact on immune activation markers, while they were associated with better improvement in GDS (T-score 0.0 in controls vs. \u22120.3 in probiotics, p = 0.048) and the attention\/concentration test (Z-score 0.4 in controls vs. 1.2 in probiotics, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Oral supplementation with high-dose probiotics for 6 months did not affect systemic immune activation but was associated with improved neurocognitive performance, suggesting benefits from probiotic supplementation for mild HAND.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1749208111000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effects of High-Dose Probiotic Supplementation on Immune Activation and Neurocognitive Disorders in People Living with HIV Undergoing Successful Antiretroviral Treatment: The Procog Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Cannes General Hospital, 06400 Cannes, France"},{"name":"UR2CA (URRIS), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Zerlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2CA (URRIS), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Archet Hospital, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"},{"name":"Pain Department and FHU InovPain, Nice University Hospital, Cote Azur University, 06000 Nice, France"},{"name":"RESPECT, UR2CA, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5011-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heloise","family":"Joly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2CA (URRIS), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Durant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Archet Hospital, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Makinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1175, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Mauries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Capeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9-Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine UMR S_938, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-M\u00e9tabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraya","family":"Fellahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9-Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine UMR S_938, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Cardio-M\u00e9tabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, D\u00e9partement de Biochimie-Pharmacologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, D\u00e9partement de Biochimie-Pharmacologie, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"FHU-SENEC, INSERM U955 and Universit\u00e9 Paris Est (UPEC), UMR U955, Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Pradier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Archet Hospital, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Lebrun-Frenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2CA (URRIS), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nice University, 06202 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, A., Zaongo, S.D., Harypursat, V., Wang, X., and Ouyang, J. 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