{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:37:42Z","timestamp":1779313062339,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23490023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23490023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the virulence properties and pathogenetic characteristics of the Kazakhstani strain of LSDV (LSDV KZ-Kostanay-2018) in indigenous cattle under controlled conditions. Twelve non-breed cattle were inoculated intradermally and monitored for clinical, pathological, and immunological responses. Clinical signs, including fever, skin nodules, and lymphadenopathy, emerged as early as day 5 post-infection (pi), with peak severity observed between days 11 and 14. Rapid seroconversion was observed, with 100% of animals showing virus-neutralizing antibodies by day 13. Pathological findings revealed extensive necrosis, thrombosis, and edema, with pronounced damage in the spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes. Histological analyses identified widespread destructive changes in the dermis and systemic tissues, consistent with highly aggressive disease progression. Viral genome and replication were confirmed in blood, skin nodules, and lymph nodes, with peak viral loads between days 11 and 14 pi. These results align with findings in Russian cattle infected with the Saratov\/2017 strain but demonstrate more rapid symptom onset and severe pathology, suggesting strain-specific virulence. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of LSDV pathogenesis and underscore the importance of regional adaptations in disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T08:18:43Z","timestamp":1749543523000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Investigation of the Pathogenesis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Indigenous Cattle in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lespek","family":"Kutumbetov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080423, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Ragatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay 110000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moldir","family":"Azanbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080423, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balzhan","family":"Myrzakhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080423, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurbek","family":"Aldayarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720042, Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuandyk","family":"Zhugunissov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy 080423, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yergali","family":"Abduraimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QazBioPharm National Holding, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raikhan","family":"Nissanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asylay","family":"Sarzhigitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazerke","family":"Kemalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Issimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x","article-title":"Review: Lumpy skin disease: An emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia","volume":"59","author":"Tuppurainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x","article-title":"Capripoxviruses: An emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle","volume":"55","author":"Babiuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuppurainen, E.S., Babiuk, S., and Klement, E. (2018). 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