{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:25Z","timestamp":1760059645977,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONHACYT) of Mexico","award":["1357","CVU 848246","80-CA-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1357","CVU 848246","80-CA-2023"]}]},{"name":"the Ph.D. degree scholarship granted to G.E.C.-J.","award":["1357","CVU 848246","80-CA-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1357","CVU 848246","80-CA-2023"]}]},{"name":"ROGRAMA DE APOYO A LA CIENCIA, TECNOLOG\u00cdA E INNOVACI\u00d3N (PROACTI) of the UANL","award":["1357","CVU 848246","80-CA-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1357","CVU 848246","80-CA-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease (ChD) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi remains a major public health concern, affecting approximately 8 million people worldwide. However, the number of undiagnosed cases is likely much higher. Existing treatments rely on benznidazole and nifurtimox which, despite their efficacy during the acute phase of infection, are often associated with severe side effects that can be life-threatening. As a promising alternative, actinomycetes\u2014which are renowned for producing pharmacologically and industrially relevant metabolites\u2014have demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties; however, their antiparasitic potential remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the anti-trypanocidal activities of extracellular metabolites produced by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus strain Chi-43 (ST-C43) and Streptomyces sp. strain Chi-104 (S-C104) against epimastigote, trypomastigote, and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. The strains were cultured in ISP2 broth, and their extracellular metabolites were assessed via antiparasitic diffusion assays in microplates. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values ranged from 102 to 116 \u03bcg\/mL against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. The antiparasitic activity was confirmed through 3-(4,5-dimetiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based spectrophotometric assays and optical microscopy. Toxicity assays revealed that the extracellular metabolites were non-toxic to Artemia salina, non-cytotoxic to Huvecs, and non-hemolytic to human erythrocytes. Dose\u2013response regression analysis showed statistically significant differences (p \u2264 0.05). LC-MS\/MS analysis identified amphomycin and K-252c aglycone staurosporine as the active antiparasitic compounds. These findings highlight the potential of Streptomyces-derived extracellular metabolites as novel, selective, and safe anti-T. cruzi agents. Nevertheless, further studies in murine or preclinical models are needed to validate their efficacy and support future clinical applications for the treatment of ChD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhibitory Activity of Compounds Obtained from Streptomyces Against Trypanosoma\u00a0cruzi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jorge Andr\u00e9s","family":"Delgado-Gardu\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Molecular y Experimental, Ciudad Universitaria, Ave. Universidad, S\/N, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8220-6314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Galaviz-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Molecular y Experimental, Ciudad Universitaria, Ave. Universidad, S\/N, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma Guadalupe","family":"Rojas-Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Laboratorio 8, Ciudad Universitaria, Ave. Universidad, S\/N, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2954-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Horacio","family":"Elizondo-Luevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno S\/N, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Biomolecular Innovation Group, Laboratorio de Ciencias Naturales, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Francisco I. Madero S\/N, Ex Hacienda el Canad\u00e1, Cd. Gral. Escobedo 66050, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Bayl\u00f3n-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infect\u00f3mica y Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados de IPN. Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rosales-Encina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infect\u00f3mica y Patog\u00e9nesis Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados de IPN. Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Biomolecular Innovation Group, Laboratorio de Ciencias Naturales, Campus Ciencias Agropecuarias, Francisco I. Madero S\/N, Ex Hacienda el Canad\u00e1, Cd. Gral. 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