{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:47:44Z","timestamp":1790704064410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Siedlce","award":["153\/23\/B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["153\/23\/B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In hospital environments, pathogenic bacteria spread easily and acquire virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. The aim of the study was an evaluation of the genetic diversity of 109 K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from patients of a district hospital in central Poland. The frequencies of genes coding for \u03b2-lactamases, efflux pumps, and virulence factors were determined. Genotyping of the isolates was performed with ERIC (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus) and REP (Repetitive Element Sequence Based) PCR techniques, with 21 and 19 genotypes being identified, respectively. The blaSHV-1 (92.7%), blaCTX-M group 1 (83.5%), blaTEM-1 (28.4%), blaNDM-1 (16.5%), blaVEB-1 (11.0%), blaCTX-M group 9 (3.7%), blaKPC (1.8%), blaIMP, blaOXA-48, blaCTX-M group 2, blaCTX-M groups 8, and 25\/26 (0% each) and efflux pumps: AcrAB (100%), tolC (93.6%), and mdtk (60.5%), and virulence genes coding: urease subunit ureA (94.5%) endotoxins wabG (92.7%) and uge (64.2%), and siderophore iucB (3.7%) were detected. The blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M group 1, mdtk, tolC, AcrAB (16.5%); blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M group 1, tolC, AcrAB (15.6%), and blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M group 1, blaNDM-1, mdtk, tolC, AcrAB (11.9%) were the most common resistance patterns. The distribution of resistance and virulence genes varied more between hospital wards than between different clinical materials. Hospital\u2019s antibiotic-resistant and virulent K. pneumoniae, able to spread among humans, animals, and in the environment, pose a significant threat to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:56:54Z","timestamp":1751353014000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Molecular Diversity of Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Patients of District Hospital in Central Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6191-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Siedlce, 14 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Witeska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8291-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Szweda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 11\/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Piechota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Siedlce, 14 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0386-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Kondera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Siedlce, 14 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Horoszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Siedlce, 12 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Balak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Siedlce, 14 Boles\u0142awa Prusa Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmer","family":"Bin Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 11\/12 G. Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Synowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kochan, T.J., Nozick, S.H., Medernach, R.L., Cheung, B.H., Gatesy, S.W.M., Lebrun-Corbin, M., Mitra, S.D., Khalatyan, N., Krapp, F., and Qi, C. (2022). Genomic surveillance for multidrug-resistant or hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae among United States bloodstream isolates. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07558-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00078-15","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae: Going on the offense with a strong defense","volume":"80","author":"Paczosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasfi, R., Elkhatib, W.F., and Ashour, H.M. (2016). Molecular typing and virulence analysis of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates recovered from Egyptian hospitals. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38929"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, D., Sharma, L., Dela Cruz, C.S., and Zhang, D. (2021). Clinical epidemiology, risk factors, and control strategies of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.750662"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1086\/503420","article-title":"Association between rmpA and magA genes and clinical syndromes caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy043","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae infection biology: Living to counteract host defences","volume":"1","author":"Bengoechea","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virulence genes and antibiotic resistance among clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"69","author":"Pruss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pomer. J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230707","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0707","article-title":"Characteristics of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S453025","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and developments in therapeutic strategies to combat Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/jms.jms_25_17","article-title":"World health organization releases global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics","volume":"32","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2760269","article-title":"Standard numbering scheme for the class A-lactamases","volume":"276","author":"Ambler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kot, B., Piechota, M., Szweda, P., Mitrus, J., Wicha, J., Gru\u017cewska, A., and Witeska, M. (2023). Virulence analysis and antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from hospitalised patients in Poland. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31086-w"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46160-0","article-title":"Rapid and simple detection of blaCTX-M genes by multiplex PCR assay","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823","article-title":"Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes","volume":"19","author":"Versalovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"98","article-title":"The Rep-PCR typing of TEM type ESBL producing clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"MOJ Cell Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab092","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab092","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: An update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection","volume":"16","author":"Castanheira","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","article-title":"Extended-spectrum b-lactamases in the 21st century: Characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat","volume":"14","author":"Bradford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.002","article-title":"\u03b2-lactamases and \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors in the 21st century","volume":"431","author":"Tooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojdana, D., Sacha, P., Wieczorek, P., Czaban, S., Michalska, A., Jaworowska, J., Jurczak, A., Poniatowski, B., and Tryniszewska, E. (2014). The occurrence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes in extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-positive strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis in Poland. Int. J. Antibiot., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/935842"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"001294","article-title":"Diversity, functional classification and genotyping of SHV \u03b2-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Tsang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh251","article-title":"Evolutionary mapping of the SHV beta-lactamase and evidence for two separate IS26-dependent blaSHV mobilization events from the Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome","volume":"54","author":"Ford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghenea, A.E., Zlatian, O.M., Cristea, O.M., Ungureanu, A., Mititelu, R.R., Balasoiu, A.T., Vasile, C.M., Salan, A.I., Iliuta, D., and Popescu, M. (2022). TEM, CTX-M, SHV genes in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples in a County Clinical Emergency Hospital Romania-predominance of CTX-M-15. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040503"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehshiri, M., Khoramrooz, S.S., Zoladl, M., Khosravani, S.A., Parhizgari, N., Motazedian, M.H., Jahedi, S., and Sharifi, A. (2018). The frequency of Klebsiella pneumonia encoding genes for CTX-M, TEM-1 and SHV-1 extended-spectrum beta lactamases enzymes isolated from urinary tract infection. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0256-y"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"733","article-title":"Molecular identification of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from the patients","volume":"7","author":"Alhassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Pharmac. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004","article-title":"Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: The CTX-M enzymes","volume":"48","author":"Bonnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx146","article-title":"Global epidemiology of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamases: Temporal and geographical shifts in genotype","volume":"72","author":"Bevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.151-159.2002","article-title":"Countrywide spread of CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing microorganisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae in Poland","volume":"46","author":"Baraniak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf151","article-title":"Ceftazidime-hydrolysing CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in Poland","volume":"50","author":"Baraniak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocho\u0144ska, D., \u015acibik, \u0141., and Brzychczy-W\u0142och, M. (2021). Biofilm formation of clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from tracheostomy tubes and their association with antimicrobial resistance, virulence and genetic diversity. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101345"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.3.573","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical characterization of VEB-1, a novel class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase encoded by an Escherichia coli integron gene","volume":"43","author":"Poirel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1086\/338786","article-title":"Nosocomial spread of the integron-located veb-1-like cassette encoding an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Thailand","volume":"34","author":"Girlich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1214","article-title":"French nosocomial infection early warning investigation and surveillance network. VEB-1 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii, France","volume":"12","author":"Naas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latifpour, M., Gholipour, A., and Damavandi, M.S. (2016). Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in nosocomial and community-acquired urinary tract infections. Jundishapur. J. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.31179"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00171-08","article-title":"Molecular characterization and epidemiology of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing health care-associated infection in Thailand, where the CTX-M family is endemic","volume":"52","author":"Kiratisin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Liu, Y., Wang, R., Wang, Q., Jin, L., and Wang, H. (2020). The transferability and evolution of NDM-1 and KPC-2 co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from clinical settings. eBioMedicine, 51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.102599"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2343600","article-title":"New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamases among extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates from Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Ain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.10.016","article-title":"Global genotype distribution of human clinical isolates of New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae; A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Safavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammoudi, H.D., and Ayoub, M.C. (2020). The current burden of carbapenemases: Review of significant properties and dissemination among Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040186"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110655","article-title":"Global spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"17","author":"Nordmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2024.103233","article-title":"Molecular detection of blaNDM and blaOXA-48 genes in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a tertiary care hospital","volume":"36","author":"Kamalakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha, M.S., Hagras, M.M., Shalaby, M.M., Zamzam, Y.A., Elkolaly, R.M., Abdelwahab, M.A., and Maxwell, S.Y. (2023). Genotypic characterization of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from an Egyptian university hospital. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010121"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, V.B., Singh, B.B., Priyadarshi, N., Chauhan, N.K., and Rajamohan, G. (2014). Role of novel multidrug efflux pump involved in drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096288"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pages, J.M., Lavigne, J.P., Leflon-Guibout, V., Marcon, E., Bert, F., Noussair, L., and Nicolas-Chanoine, M.H. (2009). Efflux pump, the masked side of beta-lactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004817"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01282-w","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance, virulence-associated genes analysis and molecular typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains recovered from clinical samples","volume":"11","author":"Mirzaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Expr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wand, M.E., Darby, E.M., Blair, J.M.A., and Sutton, J.M. (2022). Contribution of the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC to the tolerance of chlorhexidine and other biocides in Klebsiella spp. J. Med. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001496"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusakizako, T., Miyauchi, H., Ishitani, R., and Nureki, O. (2020). Structural biology of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion superfamily transporters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr., 1862.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2019.183154"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_19_157","article-title":"Characterisation of virulence genes associated with pathogenicity in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ind","volume":"37","author":"Remya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7213","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.24.7213-7221.2003","article-title":"The Klebsiella pneumoniae wabG gene: Role in biosynthesis of the core lipopolysaccharide and virulence","volume":"185","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.02.002","article-title":"The role of urease in the acid stress response and fimbriae expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroncle, N., Rich, C., and Forestier, C. (2006). The role of Klebsiella pneumoniae urease in intestinal colonization and resistance to gastrointestinal stress. Res. Microbiol., 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.06.006"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2174\/138920312804871094","article-title":"Bacterial urease and its role in long-lasting human diseases","volume":"13","author":"Konieczna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, D., and Arioli, S. (2014). Microbial urease in health and disease. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004472"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.10.5837-5843.1990","article-title":"Sequence of the Klebsiella aerogenes urease genes and evidence for accessory proteins facilitating nickel incorporation","volume":"172","author":"Mulrooney","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.13.4324-4330.1992","article-title":"Klebsiella aerogenes urease gene cluster: Sequence of ureD and demonstration that four accessory genes (ureD, ureE, ureF, and ureG) are involved in nickel metallocenter biosynthesis","volume":"174","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Huang, Z., Kong, J., Zhao, Y., Xu, M., Zhou, B., Zheng, X., Ye, D., Zhou, T., and Cao, J. (2022). Effects of aerobactin-encoding gene iucB and regulator of mucoid phenotype rmpA on the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing liver abscess. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.968955"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00430-15","article-title":"Aerobactin, but not yersiniabactin, salmochelin, or enterobactin, enables the growth\/survival of hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) Klebsiella pneumoniae ex vivo and in vivo","volume":"83","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519863544","article-title":"The pathogenicity of rmpA or aerobactin-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae in infected mice","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00224-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00224-11","article-title":"Interaction of lipocalin 2, transferrin, and siderophores determines the replicative niche of Klebsiella pneumoniae during pneumonia","volume":"3","author":"Bachman","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu, J., Kansal, S., Rathore, S., Kaundal, M., Angrup, A., Biswal, M., Walia, K., and Ray, P. (2022). Evaluation of ERIC-PCR and MALDI-TOF as typing tools for multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from a tertiary care center in India. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.06.499023"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"112","article-title":"Molecular Typing of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)\u2013PCR","volume":"3","author":"Mehr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Epidemiol. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/7\/648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:01:40Z","timestamp":1760032900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/7\/648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14070648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14070648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}