{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:49Z","timestamp":1760059669879,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42006121","U1906214","ZR2020QD105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42006121","U1906214","ZR2020QD105"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-Shandong Joint-funding Program","award":["42006121","U1906214","ZR2020QD105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42006121","U1906214","ZR2020QD105"]}]},{"name":"youth Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["42006121","U1906214","ZR2020QD105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42006121","U1906214","ZR2020QD105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium is an infectious pathogen that causes severe enzootic in numerous economically important marine crustaceans worldwide. Previous research has focused on investigating the identification and life stages of Hematodinium parasites, while the parasite abundance and tissue proliferation process of Hematodinium in naturally infected crustacean hosts need to be further studied. In the present study, the tissue tropisms and intensity of H. perezi were investigated in the naturally infected Chinese swimming crabs Portunus trituberculatus by both the qualitative (hemolymph assay, histology) and quantitative analysis (cell count, quantitative PCR). The results showed that in P. trituberculatus with infection level I (4 \u00b1 2 parasites in 200\u00d7 microscopic field), filamentous trophonts were observed in the hemolymph and stomach tissues, with the average parasite number and ITS 1 copy number of H. perezi quantitatively detected in hemolymph (1.0 \u00d7 102 parasites\/mL) and stomach tissues (1.7 \u00d7 103 cells\/g), respectively. H. perezi trophonts were observed in the hemolymph (4.3 \u00d7 104 parasites\/mL) and exhibited broad distribution in multiple tissues with its highest abundance of H. perezi in pereiopod muscles (1.1 \u00d7 104 cells\/g) followed by that in stomach (4.8 \u00d7 103 cells\/g) in P. trituberculatus with infection level II (80 \u00b1 10 parasites in 200\u00d7 microscopic field). In P. trituberculatus with infection level III (200 \u00b1 35 parasites in 200\u00d7 microscopic field), a high abundance of H. perezi sporoblasts was found in the hemolymph (3.1 \u00d7 107 parasites\/mL) and all of the other examined tissues, with its highest abundance detected in pereiopod muscles (3.5 \u00d7 104 cells\/g). In addition, the number of host\u2019s hemocytes was significantly decreased during the Hematodinium infection. This study provides a comprehensive quantitative characterization of the tissue distribution and abundance of H. perezi in its natural crab host which will contribute to better understanding of the crustacean host\u2013Hematodinium interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:56:54Z","timestamp":1751353014000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tissue Distribution and Abundance of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi in Naturally Infected Portunus trituberculatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5649-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08067-z","article-title":"Parasitic Dinoflagellate Hematodinium in Marine Decapod Crustaceans: A Review on Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives","volume":"123","author":"Alimin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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