{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:28:56Z","timestamp":1760059736896,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trematode infections caused by Fasciolidae and Paramphistomidae remain widespread in livestock, resulting in substantial economic losses. The two distinct fluke families are difficult to distinguish morphologically, and molecular identification provides the most reliable means of accurate diagnosis. In Ecuador, however, molecular data on these parasites are scarce. In this study, we collected trematodes from cattle rumen and bile ducts, molecularly identified them, and assessed their phylogenetic relationship to Fasciola hepatica to determine their introduction pathways into South America. Genomic DNA was extracted, and PCR was used to amplify the ITS2 (~500 bp) and COXI (~266 bp) regions; all amplicons were Sanger-sequenced. Phylogenetic trees for both markers were constructed using a Maximum Likelihood approach with 1000 bootstrap replicates in CIPRES v3.3. The rumen fluke exhibited 99% ITS2 and COXI similarity to an Indian Cotylophoron cotylophorum strain, while the bile-duct fluke showed 99% ITS2 and 100% COXI similarity to F. hepatica isolates from Australia and Nigeria, respectively. Distinct single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ITS2 chromatograms suggest a diploid genome structure in both trematode species. This is the first report of C. cotylophorum in Ecuador, and its presence may be linked to the late 19th-century introduction of Zebu cattle (Bos taurus indicus) from India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1751600846000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Molecular Identification of Cotylophoron cotylophorum in Ecuador and Its Phylogenetic Relationship with Fasciola hepatica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3961-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geanella","family":"Barrag\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Bedoya-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Lugo-Almarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Veterinaria del Pac\u00edfico, Santo Domingo 230101, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Fonseca-Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Lodana 131320, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5595-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Angulo-Cubill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Lodana 131320, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edison J.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de La Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Santo Domingo 230118, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobus H.","family":"de Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0846-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Reyna-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Realidades de la ganader\u00eda bovina en la provincia de Manab\u00ed","volume":"6","author":"Taipe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cienc. 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