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Understanding the feeding behavior and infection rates of these vectors is crucial for disease surveillance and control. We aimed to investigate the natural infection rate of Leishmania spp. in phlebotomines and analyze their blood-feeding patterns in one of the priority areas of the state of S\u00e3o Paulo for the implementation of insecticide-impregnated dog collars. Sand flies were collected from urban and peri-urban areas between 2022 and 2024 using CDC light traps, manual aspiration, and Shannon traps. PCR was used to detect Leishmania DNA (SSU rDNA gene), and blood meal sources (COI gene). A total of 414 sand flies were collected, with 222 engorged females analyzed for blood meals and 192 specimens tested for Leishmania spp. infection. The predominant blood source was humans (67%), followed by chickens (64.1%), and dogs (18.9%), considering that 45.1% of the samples presented mixed blood meals. Leishmania infantum was found in 1% of the samples. These findings highlight the feeding plasticity of sand flies and their potential role in disease transmission, reinforcing the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance and vector control strategies, particularly the implementation of insecticide-impregnated dog collars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1751975887000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of Leishmania infantum Infection and Feeding Preferences of Lutzomyia longipalpis During Deltamethrin (4%) Dog Collar Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gabriel F. F.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Sa\u00fade Global, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\/USP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keuryn A. M.","family":"Luz-Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista\/UNESP, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno S.","family":"Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Sa\u00fade Global, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\/USP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania M. T.","family":"Suto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordenadoria de Controle de Doen\u00e7as, Secretaria da Sa\u00fade do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemari","family":"Suto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordenadoria de Controle de Doen\u00e7as, Secretaria da Sa\u00fade do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana T. R.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prefeitura Municipal de Mari\u00e1polis, Mari\u00e1polis 17810-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osias","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Se\u00e7\u00e3o de Vetores-Campinas, Instituto Pasteur, Campinas 13041-025, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia D. S.","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Estadual Paulista\/UNESP, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2901-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susy M. P.","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Se\u00e7\u00e3o de Vetores-Presidente Prudente, Instituto Pasteur, Presidente Prudente 19013-050, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian A. C.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Se\u00e7\u00e3o de Vetores-Ara\u00e7atuba, Instituto Pasteur, Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-160, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2449-2316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Kirchgatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Sa\u00fade Global, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\/USP, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Pasteur, S\u00e3o Paulo 01027-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2024.102999","article-title":"Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis: Risk factors for its pathology and infection","volume":"105","author":"Kato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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