{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T23:40:05Z","timestamp":1775691605240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fisheries Research and Development Corporation","award":["FRDC2018-170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRDC2018-170"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic diseases can be a significant constraint on aquaculture industries, which continue to develop in response to the rise in global demand for sustainable protein sources. Blood flukes, Cardicola forsteri and Cardicola orientalis, are economically significant parasites of Southern bluefin tuna (Australia), Pacific bluefin tuna (Japan), and Atlantic bluefin tuna (Mediterranean) as they are responsible for blood vessel obstruction in the gills leading to branchitis and mortalities when untreated. Here, we have defined the mitochondrial genomes for these species\u2014the first for any aporocotylids. Oxford nanopore long-read sequencing was used to sequence C. orientalis from a single individual. The mitochondrial genome of C. forsteri was assembled and curated from available sequence data. Both Cardicola spp. mitogenomes contained 12 protein coding, 2 ribosomal and 22 tRNA genes, with the gene order matching that of Asian schistosomes. A control region was identified for each species which contained long and short repeats; the region for C. forsteri was longest, and the overall pattern differed between the two species. A surprisingly high nucleotide diversity was observed between the two species, generating interest into the mitochondrial genes of related species. This paper provides a useful resource for future genetics-based research of aporocotylids and other flatworm parasites of socioeconomic significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mitochondrial Genomes of the Blood Flukes Cardicola forsteri and Cardicola orientalis (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6224-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jemma","family":"Hudson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunita B.","family":"Sumanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9090-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bronwyn E.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan","family":"Coff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0347-643X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara F.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Ramsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil D.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800182-0.00001-5","article-title":"Diversity and ancestry of flatworms infecting blood of Nontetrapod Craniates \u201cFishes\u201d","volume":"85","author":"Arias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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