{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:50:50Z","timestamp":1781837450719,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis mostly spreads from active tuberculosis (TB) patients to human contacts, although human-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission has been described. Here, we present a rare case of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) transmission from a companion dog to its owner, highlighting the zoonotic potential of the pathogen. Namely, a 37-year-old Croatian man was diagnosed with RR-TB, with whole-genome sequencing analysis revealing a close genetic link to the strain isolated from his dog, which had died of miliary TB six years earlier. This case emphasizes the complexity of TB transmission dynamics, particularly involving companion animals, and underlines the importance of integrated \u201cOne Health\u201d approaches for TB control. Awareness of zoonotic TB risks is essential for the early detection and prevention of cross-species transmission, especially in vulnerable populations and households with close human\u2013animal contact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First Confirmed Case of Zoonotic Transmission of RR-TB from a Dog to a Human, a Neglected Mode of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection\u2014Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8354-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Zmak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Department for Tuberculosis, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Gomercic Palcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Division of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Obrovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Department for Tuberculosis, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Folnozic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drazen","family":"Strelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Lung Diseases and Resistant TB, Service for Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis Klenovnik, Vara\u017edin General Hospital, 42244 Klenovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Reil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonosis and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Miljan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Practice \u201cMa\u010dji Ka\u0161alj\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Zdelar-Tuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonosis and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-267X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Duvnjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonosis and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mihalac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Division, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danka","family":"Jovetic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Division, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Spicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonosis and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.091","article-title":"Zoonotic Tuberculosis\u2014The Changing Landscape","volume":"113","author":"Kock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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