{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:05:53Z","timestamp":1792076753038,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Development of natural-based complex feed additives for the optimization of the poultry microbiome","award":["2020-1.1.2_PIACI-KFI-2021-00202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.2_PIACI-KFI-2021-00202"]}]},{"name":"Development of natural-based complex feed additives for the optimization of the poultry microbiome","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"Development of natural-based complex feed additives for the optimization of the poultry microbiome","award":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-1.1.2_PIACI-KFI-2021-00202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.2_PIACI-KFI-2021-00202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["2020-1.1.2_PIACI-KFI-2021-00202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1.1.2_PIACI-KFI-2021-00202"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a disease present worldwide and causes major economic losses. The re-emergence of the disease, in recent years, is mainly due to the ban of the usage of antibiotics as growth promoters in the EU. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable, robust challenge model. Ross hybrid broilers were divided into randomized groups: a positive and a negative control group, a group receiving antibiotic treatment and three groups fed with assorted feed supplements, all receiving the same basal diet. The birds in the treatment groups were vaccinated twice using a 10-times dose of an Infectious Bursitis live vaccine and the animals were challenged four times with a NetB toxin producing C. perfringens strain. The presence of clinical signs and body weight gain were monitored. At the end of the study necropsy was performed and the gut lesions were scored. During the experiment, clinical signs were absent in the negative control group and in the antibiotic treated group. The other animals displayed diarrhea and feather loss. These symptoms were the most pronounced in the positive control group. The gut lesion scores showed significant differences between the negative and positive control groups, with the former scoring the lowest. Based on these results, the challenge model establishment was successful and in this setup the assessment of the potency of feed additives is also possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T13:00:51Z","timestamp":1752757251000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Clostridium Perfringens Challenge Model in Broiler Chickens to Evaluate the Effects of Feed Additives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1385-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Koll\u00e1r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Selymes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gergely","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Szekeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Street 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7623-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter Ferenc","family":"Dobra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Street 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1571-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krisztina","family":"B\u00e1rdos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, Institute of Economics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Street 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5568-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"\u00d3zsv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Forensics and Economics, Institute of Economics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Street 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4840-9433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Bata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Bata Ltd., 2364 \u00d3csa, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7672-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivi\u00e1na","family":"Moln\u00e1r-Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Bata Ltd., 2364 \u00d3csa, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0399-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Tenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1637\/9399-052110-Reg.1","article-title":"An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Subclinical (Mild) Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens","volume":"54","author":"Skinner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.590967","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis in broilers: An updated review on the pathogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Timbermont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1637\/11507-093016-Reg.1","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium perfringens Strains Isolated from Healthy and Necrotic Enteritis-Afflicted Broiler 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