{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:57:14Z","timestamp":1783522634577,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/20003"]}]},{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild boars are recognized reservoirs of numerous viral pathogens, posing a significant risk to domestic pig populations, particularly in areas with poor biosecurity. This study assessed the prevalence and co-infection patterns of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) in wild boars from western Serbia and the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Sixty-six spleen samples from legally hunted wild boars were analyzed by qPCR. All animals were negative for ASFV, CSFV, and PRV. The cumulative prevalence of infection with at least one of the other three viruses was 86.4% (95% CI: 76.2\u201392.8%). PCMV was detected in 74.2% of samples, PCV2 in 50%, and PPV in 28.8%. Co-infections were common: 42.4% of animals were positive for two viruses, and 12.1% for all three. A statistically significant association was observed between triple co-infection and sex, with higher rates in males. Subadult wild boars showed the highest PCV2 + PCMV co-infection rate (p = 0.0547). These findings highlight the need to expand molecular surveillance, particularly for PCMV, in both wild and domestic pigs, especially in regions reliant on low-biosecurity backyard farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T11:12:34Z","timestamp":1752837154000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First Report of Triple Viral Co-Infection (PPV, PCV2, PCMV) in Wild Boars in the Western Balkans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4335-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrije","family":"Gli\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9564-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofija","family":"\u0160olaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kukilo","family":"Stevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Ambulance \u201cOne Health\u201d, 78250 Laktasi, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1181-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Mili\u0107evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Vu\u010di\u0107evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobo\u0111enja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Aleksi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobo\u0111enja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dajana","family":"Davitkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobo\u0111enja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0086","article-title":"Wild Boars as Sources for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Humans","volume":"364","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. 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