{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T21:00:04Z","timestamp":1788642004431,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Enforcing the THERapeutic Arsenal againSt Emerging and Reemerging RNA Viruses, Prin 2022_Fondi Prin_2022W97H54","award":["CUP: B53D23003630006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: B53D23003630006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toscana virus (TOSV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) are arthropod-borne viruses from the Bunyaviricetes class, posing significant human and animal health threats. TOSV, endemic to the Mediterranean region, is a notable human pathogen detected in various animals, suggesting potential zoonotic reservoirs. SBV emerged in Europe in 2011, affecting ruminants and causing reproductive issues, with substantial economic implications. The rapid spread of both viruses underscores the need for novel antiviral strategies. Host defense peptides (HDPs), particularly those derived from scorpion venom, are gaining attention for their antiviral potential. This study investigated pantinin-1 and pantinin-2 for their inhibitory activity against TOSV and SBV by plaque reduction assay, tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) determination, and the analysis of M gene expression via qPCR. Both peptides exhibited potent virucidal activity, with IC50 values of approximately 10 \u00b5M, depending on the specific in vitro cell model used. Additionally, the selectivity index (SI) values were favorable across all virus\/cell line combinations, with particularly optimal results observed for pantinin-2. In human U87-MG neuronal cells, both peptides effectively blocked TOSV infection, a critical finding given the virus\u2019s association with neurological conditions like encephalitis. The strong efficacy of these peptides against these viruses underscores the broader applicability of venom-derived peptides as promising antiviral agents, particularly in the context of emerging viral pathogens and increasing resistance to conventional therapeutics. Further studies are needed to optimize their antiviral potency and to assess their safety in vivo using animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Expanding the Antiviral Spectrum of Scorpion-Derived Peptides Against Toscana Virus and Schmallenberg Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9923-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Giugliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7991-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Zannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5955-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Della Marca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Chianese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7849-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Di Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6789-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2952-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzianna","family":"Doti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Cacioppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0021-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Iovane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5569-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Montagnaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7748-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"De Grazia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1576-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Complex Operative Unit of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.26719\/2024.30.8.570","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iraq","volume":"30","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"East. 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