{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1760059992049,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Program 108 Food Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6040-32000-079-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-079-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria may be an influential factor in the persistence of resistance in pathogens. This is especially critical for Escherichia coli that consumers may be exposed to through the consumption of uncooked meat. In this study, E. coli isolates previously recovered from poultry in the US between 2001 and 2012 were whole-genome sequenced to identify their antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements. The genomes of 98 E. coli isolates from poultry carcass rinsates and 2 isolates from poultry diagnostic samples with multidrug resistance or potential extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactam (ESBL)-producing phenotypes as well as the genetic variabilities among the E. coli were assessed. All E. coli isolates were positive for at least one antibiotic resistance gene and plasmid replicon, with 37 resistance genes and 27 plasmid replicons detected among the isolates. While no ESBL genes were detected, blaCMY-2 was the most common \u03b2-lactamase gene, and blaTEM and blaCARB-2 were also identified. Most isolates (95%) harbored at least one intact phage, and as many as seven intact phages were identified in one isolate. These results show the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in these 100 poultry-associated E. coli isolates, which may be responsible for the resistance phenotypes exhibited by the isolates. This retrospective study also enables comparisons of resistance genes and mobile genetic elements from more recent E. coli isolates associated with poultry to aid in understanding the trends of both antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes in the poultry setting over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1753267757000},"page":"726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Genotypes and Mobile Genetic Elements of Poultry-Derived Escherichia coli: A Retrospective Genomic Study from the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Egg and Poultry Production Safety Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6687-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lari M.","family":"Hiott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8480-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.111866","article-title":"Attribution of Foodborne Illnesses, Hospitalizations, and Deaths to Food Commodities by using Outbreak Data, United States, 1998\u20132008","volume":"19","author":"Painter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. 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