{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:01:52Z","timestamp":1784761312253,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major pathogen responsible for healthcare-associated infections, particularly in intensive care units, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality due to its multidrug resistance and ability to persist in clinical environments. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genomic characteristics of all multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates collected between January and June 2022 from two tertiary care hospitals in Thessaloniki, Greece. A total of 40 isolates were included. All isolates exhibited resistance to colistin; however, none harbored the mcr-1 to mcr-9 genes, as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR-based screening for virulence-associated genes revealed high prevalence rates of basD (100%), pld (95%), csuE (87.5%), and bap (77.5%). In contrast, ompA and pglC were not detected. Twitching motility ranged from 2 to 50 mm, with 25% of the isolates classified as non-motile and 20% as highly motile. Swarming motility was observed in all strains. Additionally, all isolates demonstrated positive \u03b1-hemolysis, suggesting a potential virulence mechanism involving tissue damage and iron acquisition. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed significant genomic diversity among the isolates, indicating a low likelihood of patient-to-patient or clonal transmission within the hospital setting. These findings highlight the complex relationship between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in clinical A. baumannii isolates and emphasize the urgent need for robust infection control strategies and continued microbiological surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:54:26Z","timestamp":1753343666000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["When the Last Line Fails: Characterization of Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Reveals High Virulence and Limited Clonal Dissemination in Greek Hospitals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Karakalpakidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theofilos","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA NAGREF Campus, 57001 Thermi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9508-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalis","family":"Paraskeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela-Eftychia","family":"Tsitlakidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Vagdatli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopathology, General Hospital Hippokration, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Katsifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Papanikolaou General Hospital, Exochi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Beloukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8804-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampos","family":"Kotzamanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research Institute Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA NAGREF Campus, 57001 Thermi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Kottaridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.11.008","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii\u00a0","volume":"30","author":"Whiteway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-07","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a successful pathogen","volume":"21","author":"Peleg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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