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Serro\u2019s dairy region, located in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, is an endemic area for VACV, where zoonotic outbreaks affect rural communities. This epidemiological context is especially relevant for at-risk populations, such as people living with HIV (PLHIV). This study aimed to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against OPV in PLHIV in this endemic setting. Serum samples were collected from 177 PLHIV in treatment at the specialized service between December 2021 and August 2022. VACV and MPXV NAbs were measured using the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and VACV-infected cells. The overall occurrence of OPV NAbs was 27.7%. NAbs were higher in individuals born before 1980 (53.3%) than those born after 1980 (1.1%). Among anti-VACV-seropositive individuals, 40.8% also had MPXV NAbs, suggesting cross-immunity. These findings indicate the circulation of VACV in PLHIV and highlight the increased susceptibility to OPV infections among individuals born after the cessation of smallpox vaccination. The results reinforce the importance of continued surveillance of OPV, especially in endemic regions and vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1753443521000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vaccinia and Monkeypox Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in People Living with HIV: A Serological Study in a Orthopoxvirus-Endemic, Low-Income Region in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thyago Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Gabriella","family":"Stoffella-Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de V\u00edrus, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Lacerda","family":"Gripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6478-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pollyana R. 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