{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:29:50Z","timestamp":1784942990501,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate change and anthropogenic pressures, which can disrupt microbial communities and favor the emergence of pathogenic organisms. In this study, we applied metagenomic analysis to characterize fungal communities in sediment samples from an urban mangrove subjected to environmental stress. The results revealed a fungal community with reduced richness\u201428% lower than expected for similar ecosystems\u2014likely linked to physicochemical changes such as heavy metal accumulation, acidic pH, and eutrophication, all typical of urbanized coastal areas. Notably, we detected an increase in potentially pathogenic genera, including Candida, Aspergillus, and Pseudoascochyta, alongside a decrease in key saprotrophic genera such as Fusarium and Thelebolus, indicating a shift in ecological function. The fungal assemblage was dominated by the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and despite adverse conditions, symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi remained present, suggesting partial resilience. A considerable fraction of unclassified fungal taxa also points to underexplored microbial diversity with potential ecological or health significance. Importantly, this study does not aim to compare pristine and contaminated environments, but rather to provide a sanitary alert by identifying the presence and potential proliferation of pathogenic fungi in a degraded mangrove system. These findings highlight the sensitivity of mangrove fungal communities to environmental disturbance and reinforce the value of metagenomic approaches for monitoring ecosystem health. Incorporating fungal metagenomic surveillance into environmental management strategies is essential to better understand biodiversity loss, ecological resilience, and potential public health risks in degraded coastal environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T07:45:11Z","timestamp":1754466311000},"page":"759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Urban Mangroves Under Threat: Metagenomic Analysis Reveals a Surge in Human and Plant Pathogenic Fungi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Britto Martins de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3571-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2821-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Corr\u00eaa-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana Lessa R.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Insetos e Parasitos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Bahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Insetos e Parasitos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Ernesto Taveira","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Ambientais Olaf Malm, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho s\/n, Bloco G0, Sala 60, Subsolo, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Frases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Rede Micologia RJ, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britto Martins De Oliveira, J., Corr\u00eaa Junior, D., Parente, C.E.T., and Frases, S. (2025). Fungi in Mangrove: Ecological Importance, Climate Change Impacts, and the Role in Environmental Remediation. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040878"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892902000231","article-title":"Present state and future of the world\u2019s mangrove forests","volume":"29","author":"Alongi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valiela, I., Bowen, J.L., and York, J.K. (2001). Mangrove Forests: One of the World\u2019s Threatened Major Tropical Environments. BioScience, 51.","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:MFOOTW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moitinho, M.A., Chiaramonte, J.B., Bononi, L., Gumiere, T., Melo, I.S., and Taketani, R.G. (2022). Fungal succession on the decomposition of three plant species from a Brazilian mangrove. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18667-x"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00029117","article-title":"Ecology of mangrove fungi and their role in nutrient cycling: What gaps occur in our knowledge?","volume":"295","author":"Hyde","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00519.x","article-title":"Exploring the diversity of bacterial communities in sediments of urban mangrove forests: Sediment bacterial communities in urban mangrove forests","volume":"66","author":"Borges","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-023-01717-2","article-title":"Prediction of heavy metals in polluted mangrove soils in Brazil with the highest reported levels of mercury using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"45","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113823","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in the saline-alkali soils from the Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hau, P.-T., Shiu, A., Tam, E.W.-T., Chau, E.C.-T., Murillo, M., Humer, E., Po, W.-W., Yu, R.C.-W., Fung, J., and Seto, S.-W. (2024). Diversity and Antifungal Susceptibilities of Yeasts from Mangroves in Hong Kong, China\u2014A One Health Aspect. JoF, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10100728"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112545","article-title":"Effects of heavy metals and organic matter fractions on the fungal communities in mangrove sediments from Techeng Isle, South China","volume":"222","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J., Lo, L.S.H., Liu, H., Qian, P.-Y., and Cheng, J. (2021). Study of Heavy Metals and Microbial Communities in Contaminated Sediments Along an Urban Estuary. Front. Mar. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.741912"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112846","article-title":"Interactions between heavy metals and bacteria in mangroves","volume":"172","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104713","article-title":"Variation and succession of microbial communities under the conditions of persistent heavy metal and their survival mechanism","volume":"150","author":"Shuaib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5935\/0100-929X.20120004","article-title":"Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o da contamina\u00e7\u00e3o por metais pesados em \u00e1rea de mang\u00fcezal, Munic\u00edpio de Santos (SP)","volume":"33","author":"Fortunato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177650","article-title":"Foraminifera and geomicrobiology as indicators of the environmental recovery in a mangrove affected by oil spills in the Guanabara Bay (Brazil)","volume":"957","author":"Fontana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovai, A.S., Twilley, R.R., Worthington, T.A., and Riul, P. (2022). Brazilian Mangroves: Blue Carbon Hotspots of National and Global Relevance to Natural Climate Solutions. Front. For. Glob. Change, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2021.787533"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532007000600014","article-title":"Trace metal contamination in mangrove sediments, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Farias","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-016-0838-x","article-title":"Mangroves as a protection from storm surges in a changing climate","volume":"46","author":"Blankespoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna, S., Lemmen, C., \u00d6rey, S., Rehren, J., Pane, J.D., Mathis, M., P\u00fcts, M., Hokamp, S., Pradhan, H.K., and Hasenbein, M. (2025). Interactive effects of multiple stressors in coastal ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1481734"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., Zhou, S., Xu, L., Nethmini, R.T., Zhang, Y., Huang, L., Dong, K., Zhao, H., and Pan, L. (2025). Shifts in Soil Fungal Community and Trophic Modes During Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration. JoF, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020146"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1745-1752.2005","article-title":"Candida albicans Zinc Cluster Protein Upc2p Confers Resistance to Antifungal Drugs and Is an Activator of Ergosterol Biosynthetic Genes","volume":"49","author":"MacPherson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00039-9","article-title":"Impact of climate change and natural disasters on fungal infections","volume":"5","author":"Seidel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110646","article-title":"Overview of sediments pollution by PAHs and PCBs in mediterranean basin: Transport, fate, occurrence, and distribution","volume":"149","author":"Merhaby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43008-022-00092-4","article-title":"Fungal and oomycete pathogens and heavy metals: An inglorious couple in the environment","volume":"13","author":"Gajewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.05.078","article-title":"Anthropogenic impact on mangrove sediments triggers differential responses in the heavy metals and antibiotic resistomes of microbial communities","volume":"216","author":"Cabral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14993","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36558-2","article-title":"Thermotolerance, virulence, and drug resistance of human pathogenic Candida species colonising plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"32","author":"Metcalf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102204","article-title":"Sensitivity of the mangrove-estuarine microbial community to aquaculture effluent","volume":"24","author":"Erazo","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Sun, Y., Su, L., Yan, L., Lin, X., Long, Y., Zhang, A., and Zhao, Q. (2025). Significant Enrichment of Potential Pathogenic Fungi in Soil Mediated by Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, and Organic Acids. JoF, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020154"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157988","article-title":"Linking eutrophication to carbon dioxide and methane emissions from exposed mangrove soils along an urban gradient","volume":"850","author":"Barroso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, D., Huang, Z., Zeng, S., Liu, J., Wei, D., Deng, X., Weng, S., He, Z., and He, J. (2017). Environmental Factors Shape Water Microbial Community Structure and Function in Shrimp Cultural Enclosure Ecosystems. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02359"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laux, M., Ciapina, L.P., De Carvalho, F.M., Gerber, A.L., Guimar\u00e3es, A.P.C., Apolin\u00e1rio, M., Paes, J.E.S., Jonck, C.R., and De Vasconcelos, A.T.R. (2024). Living in mangroves: A syntrophic scenario unveiling a resourceful microbiome. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03390-6"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, T.C.L., Bezerra, W.M., Normando, L.R.O., Rosado, A.S., and Melo, V.M.M. (2021). Brazilian Semi-Arid Mangroves-Associated Microbiome as Pools of Richness and Complexity in a Changing World. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.715991"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000400002","article-title":"Microbial diversity in Brazilian mangrove sediments: A mini review","volume":"43","author":"Ghizelini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fistarol, G.O., Coutinho, F.H., Moreira, A.P.B., Venas, T., C\u00e1novas, A., de Paula, S.E.M., Coutinho, R., de Moura, R.L., Valentin, J.L., and Tenenbaum, D.R. (2015). Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01232"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.12.020","article-title":"Late Holocene evolution and increasing pollution in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil","volume":"79","author":"Vilela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.07.012","article-title":"Ecological risks of trace metals in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: An index analysis approach","volume":"133","author":"Abuchacra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179559","article-title":"Antifouling paint residues in areas impacted by maritime activities along 6000 km of Brazilian coastline","volume":"981","author":"Abreu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.118042","article-title":"First report on Technology-Critical Elements in seahorses from Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil","volume":"218","author":"Bezerra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, July 23). World Reference Base|FAO SOILS PORTAL|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/soils-portal\/data-hub\/soil-classification\/world-reference-base\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119129","article-title":"Effects of sediment physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the diversity, structure, and functions of bacterial and fungal communities from a eutrophic river","volume":"303","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, J.K.S., Witzel, K., and Dela Cruz, T.E.E. (2023). Comparative Diversity and Functional Traits of Fungal Endophytes in Response to Elevated Mineral Content in a Mangrove Ecosystem. JoF, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9121186"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.12.040","article-title":"Fungal communities in oil contaminated mangrove sediments\u2014Who is in the mud?","volume":"139","author":"Ghizelini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0386-6","article-title":"Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome","volume":"560","author":"Bahram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256688","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256688","article-title":"Fungal biogeography. Global diversity and geography of soil fungi","volume":"346","author":"Tedersoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-020-00468-0","article-title":"Occurrence and geographical distribution of mangrove fungi","volume":"106","author":"Devadatha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14776","article-title":"PacBio metabarcoding of Fungi and other eukaryotes: Errors, biases and perspectives","volume":"217","author":"Tedersoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"787533","article-title":"Quantifying the Fungal Population Dynamics in Contaminated Soil Using Spatial Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Pirdashti","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104228","article-title":"Composition and potential functional roles of soil fungal communities on arid farms in Arequipa (Southern Peru) characterized using SMRT sequencing","volume":"169","author":"Tomasek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Soil. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0124","article-title":"The Hidden Pathogenic Potential of Environmental Fungi","volume":"12","author":"Frases","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sharkawy, M., Alotaibi, M.O., Li, J., Du, D., and Mahmoud, E. (2025). Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal Environments: Ecological Implications and Management Strategies: A Review. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020701"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422010000100005","article-title":"Reten\u00e7\u00e3o de metais pesados em mic\u00e9lio de fungos micorr\u00edzicos arbusculares","volume":"33","author":"Cabral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qu\u00edm. Nova"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520150055","article-title":"Mangroves Response to Climate Change: A Review of Recent Findings on Mangrove Extension and Distribution","volume":"87","author":"Godoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Sridhar, K.R. (2005). Diversity of fungi in mangrove ecosystems. Microbial Diversity: Current Perspectives and Potential Applications, I.K. International Publishing House and Dreamtech Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108061","article-title":"Contrasting organic matter composition in pristine and eutrophicated mangroves revealed by fatty acids and stable isotopes (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)","volume":"277","author":"Chynel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latg\u00e9, J.-P., and Chamilos, G. (2019). Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 33.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00140-18"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12367","article-title":"Ecology of aspergillosis: Insights into the pathogenic potency of Aspergillus fumigatus and some other Aspergillus species","volume":"10","author":"Paulussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.06.006","article-title":"Candida auris exhibits resilient biofilm characteristics in vitro: Implications for environmental persistence","volume":"103","author":"Short","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/528521","article-title":"Fungal Biofilm Resistance","volume":"2012","author":"Ramage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.46","article-title":"The antifungal pipeline: A reality check","volume":"16","author":"Perfect","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00233-X","article-title":"Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments in a nearshore environment, Jurujuba Sound, Southeast Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.001","article-title":"Habitat suitability index model of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka): A case study of Shandong Peninsula, China","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.-J., Lee, J., Wang, W., Lee, Y., Oh, E., Park, K.-H., Park, C., Woo, G.-E., Son, Y.-J., and Kang, H. (2021). Austalide K from the Fungus Penicillium rudallense Prevents LPS-Induced Bone Loss in Mice by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation and Promoting Osteoblast Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115493"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/8\/759\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:20:29Z","timestamp":1760034029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/8\/759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14080759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14080759","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}