{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:34:59Z","timestamp":1769909699135,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CFIA Technology Development (TD)","award":["N-000314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N-000314"]}]},{"name":"CFIA Technology Development (TD)","award":["NPB Project #22-091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPB Project #22-091"]}]},{"name":"US National Pork Board","award":["N-000314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N-000314"]}]},{"name":"US National Pork Board","award":["NPB Project #22-091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPB Project #22-091"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite intensive eradication efforts, classical swine fever (CSF) remains endemic across South America, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean, highlighting the need for more effective surveillance and detection methods. Reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) is the fastest, and most sensitive assay for detecting CSF virus (CSFV) genomic material. Previously, we demonstrated that spleen swabs outperformed spleen homogenates for the detection of ASFV genomic material by RRT-PCR. In this study, we compared CSFV genome detection in paired spleen homogenates and spleen swabs generated using 49 frozen and 33 fresh spleen samples collected from experimentally inoculated pigs with acute infection. The results show that the CSFV genome detection in spleen swabs is comparable to that in spleen homogenates. The study also demonstrated that the CSFV genomic material can be detected in spleen swabs during early CSFV infections, and the viruses can be successfully isolated from the swabs. The use of spleen swabs instead of spleen tissue homogenates for CSF detection will reduce labor, decrease costs associated with reporting, and increase the diagnostic throughput.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T07:45:11Z","timestamp":1754466311000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Spleen Swabs for Sensitive and High-Throughput Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Orie","family":"Hochman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalhari","family":"Goonewardene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chungwon J.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aruna","family":"Ambagala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00138-3","article-title":"Classical swine fever: The global situation","volume":"73","author":"Edwards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blome, S., Staubach, C., Henke, J., Carlson, J., and Beer, M. (2017). Classical Swine Fever-An Updated Review. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040086"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, February 24). List of CSF Free Members According to Resolution No. 26 (91st General Session, May 2024). Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/06\/91gs-2024-res-26-tech-csf-status-final-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198151","article-title":"Classical swine fever virus: The past, present and future","volume":"289","author":"Ganges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171235","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/171235","article-title":"Validation of a real time PCR for classical Swine Fever diagnosis","volume":"2014","author":"Dias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Med. 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