{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T18:49:10Z","timestamp":1792262950706,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["313753\/2021-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313753\/2021-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["403524\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403524\/2023-7"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["301587\/2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301587\/2019-1"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["CAPES-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES-001"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["88887.508675\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.508675\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["313753\/2021-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313753\/2021-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["403524\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403524\/2023-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["301587\/2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301587\/2019-1"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["CAPES-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES-001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["88887.508675\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.508675\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"Fapemig-APQ-01373-24","award":["313753\/2021-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313753\/2021-0"]}]},{"name":"Fapemig-APQ-01373-24","award":["403524\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403524\/2023-7"]}]},{"name":"Fapemig-APQ-01373-24","award":["301587\/2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301587\/2019-1"]}]},{"name":"Fapemig-APQ-01373-24","award":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Fapemig-APQ-01373-24","award":["CAPES-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES-001"]}]},{"name":"Fapemig-APQ-01373-24","award":["88887.508675\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.508675\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT","award":["313753\/2021-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313753\/2021-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT","award":["403524\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403524\/2023-7"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT","award":["301587\/2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301587\/2019-1"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT","award":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/204.028\/2024"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT","award":["CAPES-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES-001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT","award":["88887.508675\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.508675\/2020-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helminth parasites of wild animals represent a major threat to the health of these animals, leading to significant losses in performance, health, and zoonotic implications. In some zoos, anthelmintics have traditionally been used to control these parasites, many of which are also zoonotic. Other actions, such as the removal of organic waste, have also been adopted. Few or no control measures are applied to free-ranging wild animals. Helminthophagous fungi are a promising biological alternative. When animals ingest fungal spores, they are excreted in their feces, where they trap and destroy helminth larvae and eggs, preventing and reducing the parasite load in the environment. Another alternative is to administer fungi by spraying them directly into the environment. This review aims to examine the use of helminthophagous fungi in the control of helminthiases in wild animals, highlighting their potential to minimize dependence on chemical treatments and promote sustainable animal breeding and production. There are many challenges to making this viable, such as environmental variability, stability of formulations, and acceptance of this new technology. These fungi have been shown to reduce parasite burdens in wild animals by up to 75% and can be administered through the animals\u2019 feeding troughs. To date, evidence shows that helminthophagous fungi can reliably curb environmental parasite loads for extended periods, offering a sustainable alternative to repeated anthelmintic dosing. Their use has been linked to tangible gains in body condition, weight, and overall welfare in various captive and free-ranging wildlife species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1754475231000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Using Biocontrol Fungi to Control Helminthosis in Wild Animals: An Innovative Proposal for the Health and Conservation of Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"J\u00falia dos Santos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro\u2014UFRRJ, Serop\u00e9dica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Bacelar","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro\u2014UFRRJ, Serop\u00e9dica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Paz","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, University of Santiago de Compostela\u2014USC, Lugo, 27002 Gal\u00edcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2682-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Sol Arias","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, University of Santiago de Compostela\u2014USC, Lugo, 27002 Gal\u00edcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana Filipa","family":"Cazapal Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, University of Santiago de Compostela\u2014USC, Lugo, 27002 Gal\u00edcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huarrisson Azevedo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro\u2014UFRRJ, Serop\u00e9dica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7367-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson Victor","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.007","article-title":"Parasite zoonoses and wildlife: One Health, spillover, and human activity","volume":"43","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000414","article-title":"Soil fungi enable the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in wild bovidae captive in a zoological park: A 4 year trial","volume":"147","author":"Palomero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-024-01844-w","article-title":"First records of the raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) in Luxembourg: Evidence for natural spread and a novel introduction","volume":"70","author":"Frantz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkas, C., Juh\u00e1sz, A., Fekete, B., and Egri, B. (2024). Comparative analysis of Ascaris suum and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infections in free ranging and captive wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Hungary. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060932"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.03.007","article-title":"The diversity and impact of hookworm infections in wildlife","volume":"6","author":"Seguel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5841-7","article-title":"Long term occurrence of Trichuris species in wild ruminants in the Czech Republic","volume":"117","author":"Vejl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, J., Rehbein, S., and Joachim, A. (2018). Transmission of helminths between species of ruminants in Austria appears more likely to occur than generally assumed. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00030"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"814","article-title":"Frequency of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic and captive wild animals in the north of Veracruz, Mexico","volume":"43","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"232","article-title":"Prevalence and zoonotic potential of parasites in wild rats in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Sayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.V., Fonseca, J.S., Barbosa, B.B., Valverde, H.A., Santos, H.A., and Braga, F.R. (2024). The role of helminthophagous fungi in the biological control of human and zoonotic intestinal helminths. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090741"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Mendoza-de Gives, P., Colinas-Picazo, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Medina, E., Bautista-Garc\u00eda, G.A., Delgado-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, E.J., and Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez, A. (2024). Assessing the in vitro individual and combined effect of Arthrobotrys oligospora and A. musiformis liquid culture filtrates against infective larvae of the sheep blood feeding nematode Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae). Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060498"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmo, R., Vi\u00f1a, C., Zubiria, I., Malag\u00f3n, J.\u00c1.H., Sanch\u00eds, J.M., Cazapal, C., Arias, M.S., S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, R., and Paz-Silva, A. (2024). Formulating parasiticidal fungi in dried edible gelatins to reduce the risk of infection by Trichuris sp. among continuous grazing bison. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010082"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomero, A.M., Cazapal-Monteiro, C.F., Vi\u00f1a, C., Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Voinot, M., Vil\u00e1, M., Silva, M.I., Paz-Silva, A., S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, R., and Arias, M.S. (2021). Formulating fungal spores to prevent infection by trichostrongylids in a zoological park: Practical approaches to a persisting problem. Biol. Control, 152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2020.104466"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.10.010","article-title":"The value of the IUCN red list for conservation","volume":"21","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0176","article-title":"Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem services: The applied need for systems approaches. Philosophical transactions of the royal society","volume":"367","author":"Norris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129670","article-title":"The role of zoological parks in biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of Guinea islands","volume":"3","author":"Schaaf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2018.04.005","article-title":"Biological control of soil transmitted helminths (STHs) in a zoological park by using saprophytic fungi","volume":"122","author":"Arroyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paz-silva, A., Salmo, R., Vi\u00f1a, C., Palomero, A.M., Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, R., Cazapal-Monteiro, C., and Arias, M.S. (2023). Gelatin treats containing filamentous fungi to promote sustainable control of helminths among pets and zoo animals. Biol. Control, 179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2023.105184"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"7346","article-title":"The impact of multiple infections on wild animal hosts: A review","volume":"1","author":"Bordes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"216","article-title":"A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts","volume":"22","author":"Holland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol: Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2478\/s11687-012-0001-6","article-title":"Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonine in wild and domestic carnivores","volume":"49","author":"Okulewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.04.016","article-title":"Pig Ascaris: An important source of human ascariasis in China","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-023-01655-6","article-title":"Spread of the Zoonotic Nematode Baylisascaris procyonis into a Naive Raccoon Population","volume":"20","author":"Heddergott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3073.1","article-title":"Influence of environmental variables on Baylisascaris procyonis infection in raccoons","volume":"98","author":"Samson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmb.2017.10.033","article-title":"Parasitic nematodes of three species of wild carnivore mammals from Atlantic forest in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"88","author":"Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Biodiv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero, J., Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez, \u00c1.M., Zurita, A., Cutillas, C., and Callej\u00f3n, R. (2020). Trichuris trichiura isolated from Macacasylvanus: Morphological, biometrical, and molecular study. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02661-4"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"363","article-title":"Comparative study of Trichuris trichiura from nonhuman primates and from man, and their difference with T. suis","volume":"55","author":"Ooi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.05.011","article-title":"Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura are different nematode species","volume":"111","author":"Cutillas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00134-X","article-title":"The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses","volume":"30","author":"Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01047.x","article-title":"Epidemiological study of non-systemic parasitism in dogs in southeast Mediterranean Spain assessed by coprological and post-mortem examination","volume":"54","author":"Berriatua","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"5","article-title":"Presence of Toxocara spp. in Domestic Cats in the State of Mexico","volume":"44","author":"Cardenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Beugnet, F., Halos, L., and Guillot, J. (2018). Textbook of Clinical Parasitology in Dogs and Cats, Servet Editorial-Grupo As\u00eds Biomedia, S.L. Spain."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.014","article-title":"Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis","volume":"182","author":"Deplazes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deplazes, P., Eckert, J., Mathis, A., Von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G., and Zahner, H. (2016). Parasitology in Veterinary Medicine, Wageningen Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-274-0"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionic\u0103, A.M., Deak, G., Boncea, R., Gherman, C.M., and Mihalca, A.D. (2022). The European Badger as a New Host for Dirofilaria immitis and an Update on the Distribution of the Heartworm in Wild Carnivores from Romania. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040420"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07823-5","article-title":"Occurrence of Dirofilaria repens in wild carnivores in Poland","volume":"122","author":"Alsarraf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07347-w","article-title":"Updates on the distribution and host spectrum of Dirofilaria repens in the Republic of Uzbekistan","volume":"120","author":"Safarov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6020678","article-title":"Parasite Zoonoses and Wildlife: Emerging Issues","volume":"6","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107180","article-title":"Assessing the applications and efficacy of using helminthophagous fungi to control canine gastrointestinal parasites","volume":"254","author":"Fonseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4440-0","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of soil saprophytic fungi on the eggs of Baylisascaris procyonis","volume":"114","author":"Arroyo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.725","article-title":"A comparison of methods for detecting the eggs of Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm in infant stool, and the epidemiology of infection in Zanzibari infants","volume":"76","author":"Goodman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.06.011","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxocara spp., Toxascaris leonina, and ancylostomidae in public parks and beaches in different climate zones of Costa Rica","volume":"104","author":"Dolz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.048","article-title":"A wide diversity of zoonotic intestinal parasites infects urban and rural dogs in Neuqu\u00e9n, Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"167","author":"Soriano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.07.004","article-title":"The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: A zoonosis of global importance","volume":"43","author":"Macpherson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(03)00027-8","article-title":"Toxocara cati: An underestimated zoonotic agent","volume":"19","author":"Fisher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.028","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of human toxocariasis","volume":"193","author":"Fillaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.07.003","article-title":"Human toxocariasis: Current advances in diagnostics, treatment, and interventions","volume":"30","author":"Moreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Acha, P.N., and Szyfres, B. (2003). Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, WHO. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www3.paho.org\/hq\/dmdocuments\/2012\/Acha-Zoonoses-Eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"398","article-title":"Veterinary and public health aspects of Toxocara spp. Vet","volume":"193","author":"Overgaauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.030","article-title":"Factors affecting disease manifestation of toxocarosis in humans: Genetics and environment","volume":"193","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90148-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in La R\u00e9union","volume":"88","author":"Magnaval","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.1.51","article-title":"Immunopathological changes in the brain of immunosuppressed mice experimentally infected with Toxocara canis","volume":"53","author":"Eid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). Trichuris Trichiura: Background Document for the WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowell, M.A., and Rafati, S. (2014). Neglected Tropical Diseases\u2014Middle East and North Africa, Springer-Verlag. Available online: https:\/\/content.e-bookshelf.de\/media\/reading\/L-3932696-5238dd8435.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1613-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X18000500","article-title":"Morphological and molecular confirmation of the validity of Trichuris rhinopiptheroxella in the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravasi, D.F., O\u2019Riain, M.J., Davids, F., and Illing, N. (2012). Phylogenetic evidence that two distinct Trichuris genotypes infect both humans and non-human primates. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044187"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0062-y","article-title":"Human trichuriasis: Whipworm genetics, phylogeny, transmission and future research directions","volume":"2","author":"Betson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2307\/3281784","article-title":"Morphological differences in Trichuris ovis associated with different host species","volume":"70","author":"Knight","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Parsitol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000740","article-title":"Characterization of Trichuris trichiura from humans and T. suis from pigs in China using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Helmintol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.004","article-title":"Genetic analysis of Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura recovered from humans and pigs in a sympatric setting in Uganda","volume":"188","author":"Nissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01607-6","article-title":"Enteric parasitic zoonoses of domesticated dogs and cats","volume":"4","author":"Robertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infec."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120393","article-title":"The prevalence of and contributors to neurocysticercosis in endemic regions","volume":"15","author":"Ta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.017","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: Global trends","volume":"182","author":"Torgerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.06.016","article-title":"Establishment rate of cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"243","author":"Pomroy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v85i1.1584","article-title":"Amphistome infections in domestic and wild ruminants in East and Southern Africa: A review","volume":"85","author":"Pfukenyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109038","article-title":"Integrating the control of helminths in dairy cattle: Deworming, rotational grazing and nutritional pellets with parasiticide fungi","volume":"278","author":"Voinot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can ruminants become infected with trematode parasites through irrigation?","volume":"5","author":"Choubisa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megersa, B., Hussein, B., Shemsu, J., Kassahun, R., Merera, O., Moje, N., Edao, B.M., Waktole, H., Ashenafi, H., and Ayana, D. (2024). Trematode infection in ruminants and diversity of snail hosts across three agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04049-0"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017031","article-title":"Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis and other foodborne parasites in fox, cat and dog faeces collected in kitchen gardens in a highly endemic area for alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"24","author":"Poulle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"101013","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and foxes in the Zanjan province of Iran: With an emphasis on Echinococcus species","volume":"50","author":"Haghighat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2024.101027","article-title":"Cestodes in Eurasian wolves (Canis lupus lupus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in Switzerland","volume":"26","author":"Schneider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-04192-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in free grazing goats from Ayacucho, Peru: Prevalence and risk factors associated with infection in herds","volume":"56","author":"Huaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04522-4","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of parasites in creole cattle from a rural area in an Andean district of Peru","volume":"57","author":"Torrel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.018","article-title":"Silvopastoralism and autochthonous equine livestock: Analysis of the infection by endoparasites","volume":"164","author":"Francisco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"100890","article-title":"Occurrence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasitism in horses reared in different systems","volume":"42","author":"Carminatti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1351-x","article-title":"Wild ruminants as a potential risk factor for transmission of drug resistance in the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus","volume":"66","author":"Megyesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"100412","article-title":"Host specificity and phylogeny of Trichostrongylidae of domestic ruminants in the Guinea savannah of the Adamawa plateau in Cameroon","volume":"21","author":"Paguem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, T.L., Airs, P.M., Porter, S., Caplat, P., and Morgan, E.R. (2022). Understanding the role of wild ruminants in anthelmintic resistance in livestock. Biol. Lett., 18.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0057"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.09.003","article-title":"A repeatable and quantitative DNA metabarcoding assay to characterize mixed strongyle infections in horses","volume":"51","author":"Poissant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08417-5","article-title":"Changes in equine strongylid communities after two decades of annual anthelmintic treatments at the farm level","volume":"123","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06502-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and sibling voles (Microtus levis) in Spitsbergen, Svalbard","volume":"118","author":"Fuglei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vi\u00f1a, C., Salmo, R., Pena, M.V., Palomero, A.M., Hern\u00e1ndez, J.\u00c1., Cazapal-Monteiro, C., Arias, M.S., S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, R., and Paz-Silva, A. (2022). A New Comestible Formulation of Parasiticide Fungi to Reduce the Risk of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in a Canine Shelter. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111391"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-021-00584-0","article-title":"The prevalence of intestinal nematodes among red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-western Poland","volume":"63","author":"Tylkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsarou, E.I., Arsenopoulos, K.V., Michael, C.K., Lianou, D.T., Petinaki, E., Papadopoulos, E., and Fthenakis, G.C. (2024). Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections in Dogs in Sheep and Goat Farms in Greece: Prevalence, Involvement of Wild Canid Predators and Use of Anthelmintics. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223233"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.05.003","article-title":"Parasites and the conservation of small populations: The case of Baylisascaris procyonis","volume":"2","author":"Kristen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kittl, S., Frey, C.F., Brodard, I., Scalisi, N., Vargas Amado, M.E., Thomann, A., Schierack, P., and Jores, J. (2024). Zoonotic bacterial and parasitic intestinal pathogens in foxes, raccoons and other predators from eastern Germany. Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 16.","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13261"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101095","article-title":"Distribution and prevalence of Baylisascaris in domestic dogs in the United States and Canada, 2017\u20132023","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Baron, S. (2025, May 26). Helminths: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development, Medical Microbiology, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK8282\/."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"495","article-title":"Enteric parasites of free-roaming, owned, and rural cats in prairie regions of Canada","volume":"56","author":"Hoopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.12.001","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the influence of nutrition and temperature on growing rates of five Duddingtonia flagrans isolates, their insecticidal properties and ability to impair Heligmosomoides polygyrus motility","volume":"109","author":"Czygier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia2010004","article-title":"Biocontrol of Avian Gastrointestinal Parasites Using Predatory Fungi: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Lozano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07740-z","article-title":"A review of the use of Duddingtonia flagrans as a biological controller of strongylid nematodes in horses","volume":"122","author":"Junco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia1030018","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Control of Helminths of Domestic Animals by Helminthophagous Fungi","volume":"1","author":"Braga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pochonia chlamydosporia: Advances and Challenges to Improve Its Performance as a Biological Control Agent of Sedentary Endo-parasitic Nematodes","volume":"45","author":"Esteves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-011-9494-6","article-title":"Biological control of Ascaris suum eggs by Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus","volume":"35","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109173","article-title":"The efficacy of predatory fungi on the control of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic and wild animals-A systematic review","volume":"283","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Anz\u00farez, G., Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez, A., von-Son de Fernex, E., Alonso-D\u00edaz, M.\u00c1., Delgado-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, E.J., L\u00f3pez-Arellano, M.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cort\u00e1zar, M., Zamilpa, A., Ocampo-Gutierrez, A.Y., and Paz-Silva, A. (2022). Arthrobotrys musiformis (Orbiliales) Kills Haemonchus contortus Infective Larvae (Trichostronylidae) through Its Predatory Activity and Its Fungal Culture Filtrates. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101068"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Zegbi, S., Sag\u00fces, F., Iglesias, L., Guerrero, I., and Saumell, C. (2023). Trapping Behaviour of Duddingtonia flagrans against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle under Year-Round Grazing Conditions. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030401"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2012.02.005","article-title":"Catenaria anguillulae as an efficient biological control agent of Anguina tritici in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Control."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Terry, J. (2013). The Use of Duddingtonia flagrans for Gastrointestinal Parasitic Nematode Control in Feces of Exotic Artiodactylids at Disney\u2019s Animal Kingdom\u00ae. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College]."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Young, K. (2018). The Effect of the Nematode Trapping Fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Exotic Ruminant Hoofstock at Disney\u2019s\u00ae Animal Kingdom Lodge. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College]."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.04.013","article-title":"A Preliminary Study of the Biological Control of Strongyles Affecting Equids in a Zoological Park","volume":"33","author":"Arias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomero, A.M., Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A., Cazapal-Monteiro, C.F., Bal\u00e1n, F.A., Silva, M.I., Paz-Silva, A., S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, R., and V\u00e1zquez, M.S.A. (2018). Implementation of Biological Control to the Integrated Control of Strongyle Infection among Wild Captive Equids in a Zoological Park. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4267683"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"963","article-title":"Fungos Capturadores de Nematoides","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, M.S., Cazapal-Monteiro, C.F., Su\u00e1rez, J., Migu\u00e9lez, S., Francisco, I., Arroyo, F.L., Su\u00e1rez, J.L., Paz-Silva, A., S\u00e1nchez-Andrade, R., and de Gives, P.M. (2013). Mixed production of filamentous fungal spores for preventing soil-transmitted helminth zoonoses: A preliminary analysis. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/567876"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12525-0","article-title":"Nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia to control parasitic diseases in animals","volume":"107","author":"Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effects of temperature, mineral salt and passage through the gastrointestinal tract of calves on sodium alginate formulation of Arthrobotrys robusta\u2014A nematode-trapping fungus","volume":"9","author":"Araujo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effects of different temperatures and mineral salt on pellets of Monacrosporium thaumasium\u2014A nematode-trapping fungus","volume":"70","author":"Araujo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Arhiv"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001297","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the influence of nutrition, temperature and larval density on trapping of the infective larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus by Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium megalosporum","volume":"115","author":"Morgan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.003","article-title":"Biological control of horse cyathostomin (Nematoda: Cyathostominae) using the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in tropical southeastern Brazil","volume":"163","author":"Braga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2023). do Carmo, T.A.; Mena, M.O.; Cipriano, I.A.; Favare, G.M.; Guelpa, G.J.; Pinto, S.C.; Amarante, A.F.T.; Ara\u00fajo, J.V.; de Soutello, R.V.G. Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses fed with grass in association with nematophagus fungi Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia. Biol. Control, 182, 1049\u20139644."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraz, C.M., Com\u00e9rio, L.C., Segantine, V.B.S., de Assis, J.P.B., Costa Silva, L.P., Bezerra, L.D.N.R., de Ara\u00fajo, J.V., Vilela, V.L.R., Soares, F.E.d.F., and Rossi, G.A.M. (2024). Silver Nanoparticles from Duddingtonia flagrans: Evaluation of Potential Ovicidal Activity on Toxocara canis Eggs. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121043"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/8\/775\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:23:49Z","timestamp":1760034229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/8\/775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14080775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14080775","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]}}}