{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:30:25Z","timestamp":1791851425243,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Butler University Holcomb Awards Committee (HAC) grant (C.C.S.)"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences"},{"name":"Clowes Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Butler University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the limited availability of antiviral therapeutics for pathogens such as human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) underscore the need for novel, plant-derived antimicrobial substances. In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antiviral activities of aqueous leaf extracts from two plants commonly found in North America, Osage orange (M. pomifera) and spearmint (M. spicata). Both extracts exhibited no significant cytotoxic or morphologic impact on HEp-2 human cancer cells up to 25 mg\/mL. However, both extracts demonstrated strong dose-dependent antibacterial activity, significantly inhibiting replication of E. coli and S. aureus at concentrations \u2265 1 mg\/mL. Antiviral assays revealed that both extracts inhibited hRSV infectivity, with spearmint extract showing higher potency (EC50 = 1.01 mg\/mL) compared to Osage orange (EC50 = 3.85 mg\/mL). Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified three major extract constituents: 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (Osage orange), and R-(-)-carvone (spearmint). Among these, only carvone significantly inhibited hRSV in vitro, suggesting its key role in spearmint\u2019s antiviral activity. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Osage orange and spearmint leaf extracts, particularly as sources of water-soluble compounds with antimicrobial properties, and support further investigation into their mechanisms of action and broader clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1754475231000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) and Spearmint (Mentha spicata) Leaf Extracts Exhibit Antibacterial Activity and Inhibit Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4478-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Nenadovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7839-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Kubal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maci R.","family":"Hopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail D.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Hardewig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison G.","family":"Sedlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rida","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarrar A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia 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University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clowes Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Trombley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9205-0463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlee H.","family":"Tietje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1729-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Stobart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, June 28). 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