{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:06:07Z","timestamp":1792757167409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candidemia is a highly prevalent invasive fungal infection caused primarily by C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata (currently Nakaseomyces glabratus), C. tropicalis, and C. krusei (currently Pichia kudriavzevii). Risk factors for the development of candidemia include steroid-induced immunosuppression used in solid organ or hematopoietic transplantation, and neutropenia secondary to infectious or tumorous processes. Alterations in the gut microbiota in people living with HIV, caused by antiretroviral therapy, increase the possibility of colonization by C. albicans. Likewise, the presence of a central venous catheter, parenteral nutrition, and abdominal surgery stand out as the main risk factors for the development of candidemia. New diagnostic tools have been developed for the diagnosis of this mycosis that allow the identification of the main species, from improvements in conventional stains such as calcofluor white, which increases sensitivity, as well as technologies such as T2 Candida, MoiM assay, biomarker panel (1,3 \u03b2-D-glucan, C-reactive protein, presepsin, and procalcitonin), and, more recently, the development of biosensors for the identification of Candida spp. Regarding treatment, the use of micafungin and anidulafungin in patients with obesity defined by a BMI &gt; 30 kg\/m2 has shown higher survival rates and therapeutic success. Meanwhile, newer antifungals such as rezafungin and fosmanogepix have demonstrated excellent results in the treatment of these patients. Therefore, this review aims to update the epidemiology and risk factors of candidemia, as well as analyze the diagnostic tools and treatments currently available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:44:21Z","timestamp":1755186261000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Candidemia: An Update on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Susceptibility, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Cabrera-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas (INER), Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Micolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Hernandez Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas (INER), Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4109-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Chinney Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Francisco de P. Miranda No. 157, Col. Unidad Lomas de Plateros, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, Mexico City 01480, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Sa\u00fade-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Micolog\u00eda Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Castro-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social Para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal Mexico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mora Carpio, A.L., and Climaco, A. 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