{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:21:57Z","timestamp":1791580917247,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) continues to pose a significant public health challenge, especially in regions with limited resources, although the worldwide distribution of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically lowered the risk of vertical transmission to even below 1% in some regions. There are still uncertainties regarding the safety of some ART regimens during pregnancy and their longer-term effects on infants who are perinatally exposed to HIV but remain uninfected. This review explores current evidence regarding the interplay between maternal HIV infection, ART during pregnancy, and both maternal and pediatric outcomes. Particular attention is given to the risk\/benefit ratio surrounding different drug classes, with integrase inhibitors seeming promising choices in MTCT due to their rapid viral suppression and favorable safety profiles. Meanwhile, regimens containing protease inhibitors or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been linked to some adverse outcomes such as low birth weight, growth restriction, and potential mitochondrial or metabolic disturbances. Although ART remains central in preventing MTCT, a deeper understanding of its effects on fetal development and postnatal health is needed, and it should be thoroughly monitored through future research and longitudinal surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T07:56:06Z","timestamp":1755590166000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Maternal HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy: Implications for Vertical Transmission, Fetal Safety, and Long-Term Infant Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tudor","family":"Fle\u0219eriu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic 1, Mures Clinical County Hospital Mures, 540233 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena Elena","family":"Meli\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics 2, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Oana","family":"M\u0103rginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics 1, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Vlad","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic 1, Mures Clinical County Hospital Mures, 540233 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca-Meda","family":"V\u0103sie\u0219iu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic 1, Mures Clinical County Hospital Mures, 540233 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, S.A., Hallam, T.G., and Gross, L.J. 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