{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:01:33Z","timestamp":1789606893457,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Approcci integrati per il miglioramento genetico, la selezione e l\u2019ottenimento di materiali vegetali resistenti a Xylella fastidiosa-RIGENERA","award":["CUP H93C22000750001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H93C22000750001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for severe diseases in several commercially significant crops, including olive, grapevine, citrus and almond. Its management is particularly challenging due to its transmission via widespread vector insects, its ability to form biofilms, its high genetic diversity and, sometimes, latent symptoms. Current control strategies focus on integrated and preventive approaches, including the use of resistant varieties, agronomic practices, and vector control through chemical and biological methods. Direct control of the bacterium has always been a complex challenge that includes strategies to limit vector presence and activity in the field; however, several compounds have recently been evaluated that are able to inhibit biofilm formation and Xf growth. This review provides an up-to-date summary of studies investigating the efficacy of various treatments based on organic compounds, synthetic molecules and salt- or metal-based formulations. By evaluating the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the most promising solutions were identified that address the main challenges and limitations of chemical control strategies. These include N-acetylcysteine and zinc- and copper-based formulations, which are effective and potentially transferable to the field for crops such as citrus and olive trees. Antimicrobial peptides and nanoparticles, on the other hand, have demonstrated high efficacy in vitro, although further studies directly in the field are required. The evidence emerging from the analyzed studies offer insights to guide future research towards more effective and sustainable management approaches to mitigate the spread and impact of Xf.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemical Treatments Tested Against Xylella fastidiosa: Strategies, Successes and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3326-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Portaccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3122-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Vergine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7706-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"De Pascali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Sabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6047-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"De Bellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2207-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Luvisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uceda-Campos, G., Feitosa-Junior, O.R., Santiago, C.R.N., Pierry, P.M., Zaini, P.A., de Santana, W.O., Martins-Junior, J., Barbosa, D., Digiampietri, L.A., and Setubal, J.C. (2022). Comparative Genomics of Xylella fastidiosa Explores Candidate Host-Specificity Determinants and Expands the Known Repertoire of Mobile Genetic Elements and Immunity Systems. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050914"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.34.1.131","article-title":"Fastidious Xylem-Limited Bacterial Plant Pathogens","volume":"34","author":"Purcell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytopathol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094342","article-title":"Living in Two Worlds: The Plant and Insect Lifestyles of Xylella fastidiosa","volume":"46","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"S35","article-title":"Xylella fastidiosa: Its Biology, Diagnosis, Control and Risk","volume":"92","author":"Janse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, L.W., Lin, Y.C., Su, C.C., Huang, C.T., Cho, S.T., Chen, A.P., Chou, S.J., Tsai, C.W., and Kuo, C.H. (2021). Complete Genome Sequence of Xylella taiwanensis and Comparative Analysis of Virulence Gene Content With Xylella fastidiosa. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.684092"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12381","article-title":"Differential Colonization Patterns of Xylella fastidiosa Infecting Citrus Genotypes","volume":"64","author":"Niza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02972-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02972-18","article-title":"Genomic Diversity and Recombination among Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies","volume":"85","author":"Vanhove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.5.643","article-title":"Influence of N-Acetylcysteine on the Formation of Biofilm by Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"39","author":"Hurtado","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-008-8312-2","article-title":"Activity of Some Mucolytics against Bacterial Adherence to Mammalian Cells","volume":"158","author":"Hafez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8682737","article-title":"N-Acetyl-Cysteine as Effective and Safe Chelating Agent in Metal-on-Metal Hip-Implanted Patients: Two Cases","volume":"2016","author":"Giampreti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2020.03.010","article-title":"N-Acetyl-Cysteine Reduces Blood Chromium and Cobalt Levels in Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty","volume":"6","author":"Ursino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthroplast. Today"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1468564","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine as an Antioxidant and Disulphide Breaking Agent: The Reasons Why","volume":"52","author":"Aldini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.016","article-title":"The Chemistry and Biological Activities of N-Acetylcysteine","volume":"1830","author":"Samuni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95113-4","article-title":"GC-TOF\/MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis to Investigate the Changes Driven by N-Acetylcysteine in the Plant-Pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri","volume":"11","author":"Picchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2942","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine as Powerful Molecule to Destroy Bacterial Biofilms. A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Dinicola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muranaka, L.S., Giorgiano, T.E., Takita, M.A., Forim, M.R., Silva, L.F.C., Coletta-Filho, H.D., Machado, M.A., and de Souza, A.A. (2013). N-Acetylcysteine in Agriculture, a Novel Use for an Old Molecule: Focus on Controlling the Plant-Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072937"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107340","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine Effects on Extracellular Polymeric Substances of Xylella fastidiosa: A Spatiotemporal Investigation with Implications for Biofilm Disruption","volume":"64","author":"Murillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.030999","article-title":"Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Helenius","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catt\u00f2, C., De Vincenti, L., Cappitelli, F., D\u2019attoma, G., Saponari, M., Villa, F., and Forlani, F. (2019). Non-Lethal Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Xylella fastidiosa Strain de Donno Biofilm Formation and Detachment. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120656"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3","article-title":"Trunk Injection: A Discriminating Delivering System for Horticulture Crop IPM","volume":"3","author":"Wise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entomol. Ornithol. Herpetol. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer, L., Crane, J.H., and Albrecht, U. (2024). Correction: Archer et al. Trunk Injection as a Tool to Deliver Plant Protection Materials\u2014An Overview of Basic Principles and Practical Considerations. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 552. Horticulturae, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae10040351"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8137","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine Absorption and Its Potential Dual Effect Improve Fitness and Fruit Yield in Xylella fastidiosa Infected Plants","volume":"80","author":"Picchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"849","article-title":"Recent advances on the control of Xylella fastidiosa and its vectors in olive groves: State of the art from the ongoing Europe\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research Program","volume":"101","author":"Boscia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.06.012","article-title":"Evolution and Current Status of Research in Phenolic Compounds","volume":"68","author":"Boudet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048569x","article-title":"Bioactivity and Analysis of Biophenols Recovered from Olive Mill Waste","volume":"53","author":"Obied","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431021","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/431021","article-title":"Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Olive Mill Wastewater","volume":"2011","author":"Azaizeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-009-9501-0","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Phenolic Compounds against the Phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa","volume":"60","author":"Maddox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.2226","article-title":"Antibacterial Spectrum of Plant Polyphenols and Extracts Depending upon Hydroxyphenyl Structure","volume":"29","author":"Taguri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"205","article-title":"Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"12","author":"Evans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cosmet. Drug Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.A., Wallis, C.M., Rogers, E.E., and Burbank, L.P. (2020). Grapevine Phenolic Compounds Influence Cell Surface Adhesion of Xylella fastidiosa and Bind to Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240101"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vizzarri, V., Ienco, A., Benincasa, C., Perri, E., Pucci, N., Cesari, E., Novellis, C., Rizzo, P., Pellegrino, M., and Zaffina, F. (2023). Phenolic Extract from Olive Leaves as a Promising Endotherapeutic Treatment against Xylella fastidiosa in Naturally Infected Olea Europaea (Var. Europaea) Trees. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12081141"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-20160130","article-title":"Tyloses and Gums: A Review of Structure, Function and Occurrence of Vessel Occlusions","volume":"37","author":"Balzano","year":"2016","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanches Silva, A., Nabavi, S.F., Saeedi, M., and Nabavi, S.M. (2020). Chapter 22. Analysis of Plants Lipids. Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816455-6.00027-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scala, V., Pucci, N., Salustri, M., Modesti, V., L\u2019Aurora, A., Scortichini, M., Zaccaria, M., Momeni, B., Reverberi, M., and Loreti, S. (2020). Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca and Olive Produced Lipids Moderate the Switch Adhesive versus Non-Adhesive State and Viceversa. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233013"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scala, V., Reverberi, M., Salustri, M., Pucci, N., Modesti, V., Lucchesi, S., and Loreti, S. (2018). Lipid Profile of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Associated with the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01839"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"867523","article-title":"Bacterial and Plant Produced Lipids Can Exacerbate the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome Caused by Xylella","volume":"11","author":"Scala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scala, V., Salustri, M., Merfa, M.V., Beccaccioli, M., Lascala, L., De La Fuente, L., and Reverberi, M. (2025). XadA-like Adhesin XADA2 Regulates Biofilm Formation in X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Putatively by Engaging Oleic-Acid Derived Oxylipins. Mol. Biol. Rep., 52.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10259-y"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2020.105288","article-title":"Exploring a Sustainable Solution to Control Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca on Olive in the Salento Peninsula, Southern Italy","volume":"139","author":"Bruno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruno, G.L. (2024). Coexistence between Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca and Susceptible Olive Plants in the Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy). Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14092119"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01022a060","article-title":"Stereospecific Total Synthesis of the dl-C18 Cecropia Juvenile Hormone","volume":"90","author":"Corey","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5199","article-title":"Evolution of the Biocontrol Active Substances in the Framework of the European Pesticide Regulation (EC) No. 1107\/2009","volume":"75","author":"Robin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2014). Scientific Opinion on the Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin K3 (Menadione Sodium Bisulphite and Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulphite) as a Feed Additive for All Animal Species. EFSA J., 12, 3532.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3532"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Zhang, Y., Jin, Z., Bai, R., Wang, J., Wu, L., and He, Y. (2024). Benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride Effectively Reduce Spore Germination of Ginger Soft Rot Pathogens: Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10010008"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-07-18-0244-FI","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Menadione and Benzethonium Chloride as Potential Treatments of Pierce\u2019s Disease of Grapevines","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"31","article-title":"Nanotechnology in Agri-Food Production: An Overview","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500232f","article-title":"Nanopesticides: Guiding Principles for Regulatory Evaluation of Environmental Risks","volume":"62","author":"Kookana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12436","article-title":"Bacterial Disease Management: Challenges, Experience, Innovation and Future Prospects: Challenges in Bacterial Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"17","author":"Sundin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7218","article-title":"Application and Mechanisms of Metal-Based Nanoparticles in the Control of Bacterial and Fungal Crop Diseases","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.04.048","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles as Interactive Media for the Azobenzenes Isomerization in Aqueous Solution: From Linear to Stretched Kinetics","volume":"284","author":"Angelini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.05.007","article-title":"Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Action of Carvacrol and Thymol against Vineyard and Wine Spoilage Yeasts","volume":"46","author":"Chavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2474-2478.2005","article-title":"Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action of Three Monoterpenes","volume":"49","author":"Trombetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02793","article-title":"Preparation of Lignin Nanoparticles with Entrapped Essential Oil as a Bio-Based Biocide Delivery System","volume":"5","author":"Zikeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattos, B.D., Tardy, B.L., Pezhman, M., K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen, T., Linder, M., Schreiner, W.H., Magalh\u00e3es, W.L.E., and Rojas, O.J. (2018). Controlled Biocide Release from Hierarchically-Structured Biogenic Silica: Surface Chemistry to Tune Release Rate and Responsiveness. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23921-2"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2018.07.023","article-title":"Chitosan Thymol Nanoparticles Improve the Antimicrobial Effect and the Water Vapour Barrier of Chitosan-Quinoa Protein Films","volume":"240","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1161-0","article-title":"Distinctive Effects of Nano-Sized Permethrin in the Environment","volume":"20","author":"Shiny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18085","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6983-8","article-title":"Exploitation of Subabul Stem Lignin as a Matrix in Controlled Release Agrochemical Nanoformulations: A Case Study with Herbicide Diuron","volume":"23","author":"Yearla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2019.06.005","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Different Nanocarriers Loaded with Food Bioactive Ingredients","volume":"270","author":"Koshani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.10.022","article-title":"Ultrasonic-Assisted Manufacturing of New Hydrogel Nanocomposite Biosorbent Containing Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles and Tragacanth Gum for Removal of Heavy Metal","volume":"41","author":"Mallakpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00788-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00788-20","article-title":"Crossm Activity against Liberibacter crescens in Batch Cultures and In Batch Cultures and in Microfluidic Chambers Simulating Plant Vascular Systems","volume":"86","author":"Naranjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-05-16-0598-RE","article-title":"Potential of Nano-Formulated Zinc Oxide for Control of Citrus Canker on Grapefruit Trees","volume":"100","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0040-x","article-title":"Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.06.008","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Products and Application in Agriculture, Feed and Food","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.09.004","article-title":"Nanotechnologies in Agriculture: New Tools for Sustainable Development","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01403","article-title":"Micro- and Nanoparticles by Electrospray: Advances and Applications in Foods","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12596-z","article-title":"Silver Nanoclusters with Ag2+\/3+ Oxidative States Are a New Highly Effective Tool against Phytopathogenic Bacteria","volume":"107","author":"Orfei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarre, F., Schiavi, D., Ciarroni, S., Tagliavento, V., De Stradis, A., Vergaro, V., Suranna, G.P., Balestra, G.M., and Ciccarella, G. (2023). Thymol-Nanoparticles as Effective Biocides against the Quarantine Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13071285"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnarini, C., De Angelis, P., Liberati, D., Valentini, R., Falanga, V., Valentini, F., Dongiovanni, C., Carrieri, M., and Chiriac\u00f2, M.V. (2025). Physiological Response of Olive Trees Under Xylella fastidiosa Infection and Thymol Therapy Monitored Through Advanced IoT Sensors. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14091380"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarre, F., Tatulli, G., Vergaro, V., Mariano, S., Scala, V., Nobile, C., Pucci, N., Dini, L., Loreti, S., and Ciccarella, G. (2020). Sonication-Assisted Production of Fosetyl-Al Nanocrystals: Investigation of Human Toxicity and in vitro Antibacterial Efficacy against Xylella fastidiosa. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061174"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-04-24-0144-R","article-title":"Chitosan-Coated Fosetyl-Al Nanocrystals\u2019 Efficacy on Nicotiana Tabacum Colonized by Xylella Fastidiosa","volume":"114","author":"Tatulli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"0144","article-title":"Nanofilms of Hyaluronan\/Chitosan Assembled Layer-by-Layer: An Antibacterial Surface for Xylella Fastidiosa","volume":"136","author":"Nascimento","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-01-22-0246-RE","article-title":"Zinc Oxide-Based Nanoformulation Zinkicide Mitigates the Xylem-Limited Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa in Tobacco and Southern Highbush Blueberry","volume":"107","author":"Shantharaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14270","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA02070G","article-title":"Synthesis of Micro and Nano-Sized Calcium Carbonate Particles and Their Applications","volume":"2","author":"Boyjoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2018-1223","article-title":"Application of Calcium Carbonate Nanocarriers for Controlled Release of Phytodrugs against Xylella fastidiosa Pathogen","volume":"92","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1021\/bi400164t","article-title":"Envelope Control of Outer Membrane Vesicle Production in Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"52","author":"Schwechheimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12276","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171012276","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides for Therapeutic Applications: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huan, Y., Kong, Q., Mou, H., and Yi, H. (2020). Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.582779"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, T.A.E., and Hammami, R. (2019). Recent Insights into Structure\u2013Function Relationships of Antimicrobial Peptides. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12546"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24016","DOI":"10.1002\/pep2.24061","article-title":"Interaction of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides from Australian Frogs with Lipid Membranes","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.889120","article-title":"Mini-Review: Antimicrobial Peptides and Enzymes as Promising Candidates to Functionalize Biomaterial Surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl181","article-title":"In Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Agents against Several Oral Bacteria","volume":"58","author":"Altman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Handi, K., Sabri, M., Valentini, F., De Stradis, A., Achbani, E.H., Hafidi, M., El Moujabber, M., and Elbeaino, T. (2022). Exploring Active Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity In Planta against Xylella fastidiosa. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111685"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar\u00f3, A., Badosa, E., Montesinos, L., Feliu, L., Planas, M., Montesinos, E., and Bonaterra, A. (2020). Screening and Identification of BP100 Peptide Conjugates Active against Xylella fastidiosa Using a Viability-QPCR Method. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01915-3"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll, L., Badosa, E., Planas, M., Feliu, L., Montesinos, E., and Bonaterra, A. (2021). Antimicrobial Peptides With Antibiofilm Activity Against Xylella fastidiosa. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.753874"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"95","article-title":"Effect of Five Antimicrobial Peptides on the Growth of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens, Escherichia Coli and Xylella Fastidiosa","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vitis"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.01950.x","article-title":"Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide Gomesin on the Global Gene Expression Profile, Virulence and Biofilm Formation of Xylella fastidiosa","volume":"306","author":"Zaini","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar\u00f3, A., Saldarelli, P., Saponari, M., Montesinos, E., and Montesinos, L. (2022). Nicotiana Benthamiana as a Model Plant Host for Xylella fastidiosa: Control of Infections by Transient Expression and Endotherapy with a Bifunctional Peptide. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1061463"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Grosso, C., Saponari, M., Saldarelli, P., Palmieri, D., Altamura, G., Kubaa, R.A., De Curtis, F., and Lima, G. (2025). Use of commercial fertilizers in an IPDM protocol to mitigate Olive Quick Decline Syndrome caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Southern Italy. Plant Dis.","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-08-24-1770-RE"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2001.01000.x","article-title":"RAPD Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Xylella fastidiosa, Causal Agent of Citrus Variegated Chlorosis","volume":"33","author":"Lacava","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleve, G., Gallo, A., Altomare, C., Vurro, M., Maiorano, G., Cardinali, A., D\u2019Antuono, I., Marchi, G., and Mita, G. (2018). In vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Compounds against Xylella fastidiosa, the Causal Agent of the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in Apulia (Italy). FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 365.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx281"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Dongiovanni, C., Fumarola, G., Zicca, S., Surano, A., Di Carolo, M., and Datome, G. (2021, January 26\u201328). In vitro and in vivo Effects of Ammonium Chloride on Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Infecting Olives. Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa and XF-ACTORS final meeting, Online."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b01062","article-title":"Review of Ammonium Chloride-Water Solution Properties","volume":"63","author":"Kharicha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scortichini, M., Loreti, S., Pucci, N., Scala, V., Tatulli, G., Verweire, D., Oehl, M., Widmer, U., Codina, J.M., and Hertl, P. (2021). Progress towards Sustainable Control of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy). Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060668"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"48","article-title":"A Zinc, Copper and Citric Acid Biocomplex Shows Promise for Control of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Trees in Apulia Region (Southern Italy)","volume":"57","author":"Scortichini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girelli, C.R., Angil\u00e8, F., Del Coco, L., Migoni, D., Zampella, L., Marcelletti, S., Cristella, N., Marangi, P., Scortichini, M., and Fanizzi, F.P. (2019). 1H-NMR Metabolite Fingerprinting Analysis Reveals a Disease Biomarker and a Field Treatment Response in Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca-Infected Olive Trees. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8050115"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatulli, G., Modesti, V., Pucci, N., Scala, V., L\u2019aurora, A., Lucchesi, S., Salustri, M., Scortichini, M., and Loreti, S. (2021). Further in vitro Assessment and Mid-Term Evaluation of Control Strategy of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy). Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010085"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girelli, C.R., Del Coco, L., Angil\u00e8, F., Scortichini, M., and Fanizzi, F.P. (2021). Olive Cultivars Susceptible or Tolerant to Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Exhibit Mid-Term Different Metabolomes upon Natural Infection or a Curative Treatment. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040772"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Girelli, C.R., Verweire, D., Oehl, M.C., Avenda\u00f1o, M.S., Scortichini, M., and Fanizzi, F.P. (2023). 1H-NMR Metabolomics Study after Foliar and Endo-Therapy Treatments Of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Infected Olive Trees: Medium Time Monitoring of Field Experiments. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12101946"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffini, F., Bertorelle, G., Biello, R., D\u2019Urso, G., Russo, D., and Bosso, L. (2020). From Nucleotides to Satellite Imagery: Approaches to Identify and Manage the Invasive Pathogen Xylella Fastidiosa and Its Insect Vectors in Europe. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114508"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chartois, M., Mesmin, X., Quiquerez, I., Borgomano, S., Farigoule, P., Pierre, \u00c9., Thuillier, J.M., Streito, J.C., Casabianca, F., and Hugot, L. (2023). Environmental Factors Driving the Abundance of Philaenus Spumarius in Mesomediterranean Habitats of Corsica (France). Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28601-4"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aprile, A., Negro, C., Sabella, E., Luvisi, A., Nicol\u00ec, F., Nutricati, E., Vergine, M., Miceli, A., Blando, F., and De Bellis, L. (2019). Antioxidant Activity and Anthocyanin Contents in Olives (CV Cellina Di Nard\u00f2) during Ripening and after Fermentation. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050138"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1039\/a708920a","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds in Olives","volume":"123","author":"Ryan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-9016-2014-0037","article-title":"Productive and Vegetative Behavior of Olive Cultivars in Super High-Density Olive Grove","volume":"72","author":"Proietti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.10.007","article-title":"Xylella Fastidiosa Induces Differential Expression of Lignification Related-Genes and Lignin Accumulation in Tolerant Olive Trees Cv. Leccino","volume":"220","author":"Sabella","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pascali, M., Vergine, M., Sabella, E., Aprile, A., Nutricati, E., Nicol\u00ec, F., Buja, I., Negro, C., Miceli, A., and Rampino, P. (2019). Molecular Effects of Xylella Fastidiosa and Drought Combined Stress in Olive Trees. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110437"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Cruz, A., Aguirre-Liguori, J., Massonnet, M., Minio, A., Zaccheo, M., Cochetel, N., Walker, A., Riaz, S., Zhou, Y., and Cantu, D. (2023). Multigenic Resistance to Xylella Fastidiosa in Wild Grapes (Vitis Sps.) and Its Implications within a Changing Climate. Commun. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04938-4"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2002.86.10.1056","article-title":"Xylella fastidiosa: Cause of Pierce\u2019s Disease of Grapevine and Other Emergent Diseases","volume":"86","author":"Hopkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Need for Protective Measures to Combat Potential Outbreaks of Homalodisca coagulata and Pierce\u2019s Disease in European Viticulture","volume":"57","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B Soil Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-018-0966-0","article-title":"Philaenus Spumarius: When an Old Acquaintance Becomes a New Threat to European Agriculture","volume":"91","author":"Cornara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1039\/b108599a","article-title":"Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter","volume":"12","author":"Purcell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pestic. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-94.5.1031","article-title":"Effect of Selected Insecticides on Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Transmission of Oleander Leaf Scorch in a Greenhouse Study","volume":"94","author":"Bethke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.2011.00856.x","article-title":"Incursion Preparedness: Anticipating the Arrival of an Economically Important Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Wells (Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae) and the Insect Vector Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Australia","volume":"51","author":"Pilkington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/99.5.1805","article-title":"Susceptibility of Immature Stages of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) to Selected Insecticides","volume":"99","author":"Prabhaker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-017-0443-x","article-title":"RNAi Technology: A New Platform for Crop Pest Control","volume":"23","author":"Mamta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2025.100612","article-title":"RNAi Applications toward Environmentally Sustainable Food Security","volume":"45","author":"Willow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e1der, B., Vi\u00f1uela, E., Moreno, A., Plaza, M., Garzo, E., Del Estal, P., and Fereres, A. (2019). Sulfoxaflor and Natural Pyrethrin with Piperonyl Butoxide Are Effective Alternatives to Neonicotinoids against Juveniles of Philaenus spumarius, the European Vector of Xylella fastidiosa. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10080225"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tsy034","DOI":"10.1093\/amt\/tsy034","article-title":"Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Philaenus spumarius L., Vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Olive Orchards in Southern Italy, 2015\u201317","volume":"43","author":"Dongiovanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthropod Manag. Tests"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tsy073","DOI":"10.1093\/amt\/tsy073","article-title":"Evaluation of Insecticides for the Control of Juveniles of Philaenus Spumarius L., 2015\u20132017","volume":"43","author":"Dongiovanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthropod Manag. Tests"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Germinara, G.S., Ganassi, S., Pistillo, M.O., Di Domenico, C., De Cristofaro, A., and Di Palma, A.M. (2017). Antennal Olfactory Responses of Adult Meadow Spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190454"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:44Z","timestamp":1760034884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14090840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]}}}