{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:22:18Z","timestamp":1791915738368,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paratuberculosis is a chronic zoonotic bacterial infection, primarily affecting ruminants. This review examines the disease in the Arabian Peninsula, focusing on distribution, molecular diversity, prevalence, and associated risk factors. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. After duplicate removal and eligibility screening, data extraction, analysis, and quality assessment were performed. Pathogen sequences were retrieved from NCBI GenBank for phylogenetic analysis. The review included a total of 31 published articles from 1997 to 2025, of which 26 were used in the meta-analysis. Most studies (n = 12) were published between 2011 and 2015, predominantly from Saudi Arabia (n = 22), with no reports from Qatar, Bahrain, or Yemen. The majority of the studies involved camels and sheep (n = 16 on each species), followed by cattle (n = 9), goats (n = 7), humans (n = 2), and buffalo (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis delineates two major clades\u2014Type S and Type C\u2014suggesting greater genetic diversity in Type S. The estimated pooled seroprevalence and pathogen prevalence in livestock ruminants were 8.1% and 22.4%, respectively. Herd-level estimated pooled seroprevalence was 26.9%. Small ruminants (19.3%) were more sero-prevalent than large ruminants (7.4%), with goats (28.7%) significantly (p &lt; 0.01) more affected than sheep (21.5%), camel (9.8%), and cattle (6.6%). Clinical signs in ruminants included chronic diarrhea, emaciation, anorexia, alopecia, wry neck, and dehydration. The reviewed study patterns and findings suggest high pathogen diversity and a significant risk of transboundary transmission at the human\u2013animal interface in this region. A One Health surveillance approach is crucial, particularly on farms with diarrheic and emaciated animals. Establishing a national surveillance plan and phased (short-, intermediate-, and long-term) control programs is essential to mitigate economic losses, limit transmission, overcome the cultural barrier, and protect public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiology and Diversity of Paratuberculosis in the Arabian Peninsula: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Implications for One Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mazharul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Elfadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Graduate Studies, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randa","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haya M.","family":"Al-Hajri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abu","family":"Sayeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2196-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haileyesus","family":"Dejene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John I.","family":"Alawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahmudul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.3.328","article-title":"Paratuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Cocito","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. 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