{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:55Z","timestamp":1760060455318,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Science \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u0219oara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoa that infects the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of various host species. The aim of this study was to perform experimental infection in conventional mice with three Cryptosporidium species isolated from humans. The three Cryptosporidium species, namely Cryptosporidium canis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Cryptosporidium ryanae, were obtained from fecal samples collected from patients hospitalized in an infectious disease hospital. The mice, from 10-day-old litters kept with their mother, were divided into three groups and orally infected with one of the Cryptosporidium species. The first oocysts were identified in the feces of the mice four days post-infection. The infection was successful with all three Cryptosporidium species, but the infection level (expressed as the number of oocysts per microscopic field) was low. The infection was detected using a rapid immunochromatographic test 40 days post-infection. Furthermore, starting on the 17th day after infection, the mothers also tested positive on the rapid immunochromatographic test, having been negative until that point. It was concluded that mice could represent a source of infection for the three Cryptosporidium species in other susceptible species, including humans. No behavioral changes or diarrhea were observed in any of the experimental cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Infection in Mice with Cryptosporidium Isolated from Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rodica Georgiana","family":"D\u0103r\u0103bu\u0219","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Stelian","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Life Sci King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4763-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"D\u0103r\u0103bu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Life Sci King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin","family":"Morariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Life Sci King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8972-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Maria","family":"D\u0103r\u0103bu\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narcisa","family":"Mederle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Life Sci King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"Imre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Life Sci King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1618-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan Ovidiu","family":"S\u00eerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Complex Network Science, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor Rare\u0219","family":"Olariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12350","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in Humans and Animals\u2014A One Health Approach to Prophylaxis","volume":"38","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-12","article-title":"Cryptosporidium Pathogenicity and Virulence","volume":"26","author":"Bouzid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.3.884-886.1980","article-title":"Cryptosporidium: Evidence for a Single-Species Genus","volume":"30","author":"Tzipori","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.07.005","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium species in animals and humans: A thirty colour rainbow?","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, U., Zahedi, A., Feng, Y., and Xiao, L. (2021). An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113307"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Shams, S., Khan, S., Khan, M.I., Khan, S., and Ali, A. (2019). Evaluation of Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium Infection in Rural Population of District Buner, Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209188"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211053477","article-title":"Experimental Infection of Cats with Cryptosporidium felis","volume":"24","author":"Scorza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"394","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse","volume":"26","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1912","journal-title":"Arch. Protistenkd."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3255-3259.1998","article-title":"Multilocus Genotypic Analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographical Origins","volume":"36","author":"Spano","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.47.1.84-96.1983","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in Animals and Humans","volume":"47","author":"Tzipori","year":"1983","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"D\u0103r\u0103bu\u0219, G. (1996). Criptosporidioza\u2014Cercet\u0103ri Privind Etiologia, Epidemiologia, Patogenia, Diagnosticul \u0219i Tratamentul \u00een Infec\u021biile Naturale \u0219i Experimentale. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitatea de \u0218tiin\u021be Agricole \u0219i Medicin\u0103 Veterinar\u0103 a Banatului]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1415:CCNSFD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cryptosporidium canis n. sp. from Domestic Dogs","volume":"87","author":"Fayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.2220-2223.2000","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. in Domestic Dogs: The \u2018Dog\u2019 Genotype","volume":"66","author":"Morgan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-3-293","article-title":"Unusual Cryptosporidium Species Recovered from Human Feces: First Description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium \u2018Dog Type\u2019 from Patients in England","volume":"50","author":"Amar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"225","article-title":"The Homologous and Interspecies Transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium meleagridis","volume":"6","author":"Olariu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.09.019","article-title":"A Canine Model of Experimental Infection with Cryptosporidium canis","volume":"195","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlaam, A., Sannella, A.R., Ferrari, N., Temesgen, T.T., Rinaldi, L., Normanno, G., Cacci\u00f2, S.M., Robertson, L.J., and Giangaspero, A. (2022). Ready-to-eat salads and berry fruits purchased in Italy contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109634"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00064","article-title":"Genetic characterization reveals evidence for an association between water contamination and zoonotic transmission of a Cryptosporidium sp. from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.024","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ryanae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus)","volume":"156","author":"Fayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020001833","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ratti n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Czech Republic","volume":"148","author":"Prediger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayer, R., and Xiao, L. (2008). Molecular Epidemiology. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, CRC Press and IWA Publishing.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420052275"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"CerTest BIOTEC SL (2024, October 29). CERTEST Crypto: One Step Test to Detect Cryptosporidium in Card Format. Available online: https:\/\/www.certest.es\/products\/crypto-giardia-3\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dan, \u0218., Radu, S., \u0218eicaru, A., and Cristescu, P. (,  1987). Data Regarding Natural and Experimental Infestation with Cryptosporidium in Birds and Laboratory Animals. Proceedings of the Seminar: Progress in Therapy and Control of Parasitic Zoonoses, Cluj-Napoca, Romania."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2307\/3282381","article-title":"Experimental Cryptosporidium parvum Infections in Chickens","volume":"73","author":"Lindsay","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(87)90071-9","article-title":"Cryptosporidium Infections in Birds and Mammals and Attempted Cross-Transmission Studies","volume":"26","author":"Tham","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.10.011","article-title":"Canine Gastrointestinal Parasitic Zoonoses in India","volume":"21","author":"Traub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.06.033","article-title":"Experimental Infection with Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA21G1R1 Subtype in Immunosuppressed Mice","volume":"190","author":"Sidoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-023-01621-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Some Essential Oils in Experimentally Immunosuppressed Mice Infected with Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"47","author":"Taha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.2.471-475.1982","article-title":"Experimental Cryptosporidiosis in Laboratory Mice","volume":"38","author":"Sherwood","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-023-01592-9","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitor (Omeprazole) on Cryptosporidium parvum in Immunosuppressed Experimental Mice","volume":"47","author":"Beshay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548561","article-title":"Experimental Cryptosporidiosis in Mice, Calves, and Chickens","volume":"27","author":"Pohjola","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:55Z","timestamp":1760034895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14090843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]}}}