{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:24:08Z","timestamp":1793143448079,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU initiative"},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Education, and Youth of Republic of Croatia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid and accurate serotyping of Salmonella (S.) enterica subsp. enterica serovars is essential for effective public health surveillance, outbreak control, and food safety management. Traditional serotyping, although considered the gold standard, is time-consuming, technically demanding, and costly. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using an IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) for the rapid and accurate serotyping of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates in Croatia. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 isolates representing different S. enterica serovars of human and food origin were analysed using the IR Biotyper. Each strain was tested in three biological and at least three technical replicates. The obtained results were compared with traditional serotyping according to the Kauffmann\u2013White\u2013Le Minor scheme. Isolate identification at the genus level was further confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Results: The IR Biotyper demonstrated high reproducibility and complete concordance with standard serotyping methods, enabling accurate differentiation of the most prevalent S. enterica serovars in Croatia. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the applicability of FT-IR in routine laboratory work, with the potential to reduce typing time, reduce the number of strains, and lower overall costs required for epidemiological surveillance within the One Health approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T08:01:01Z","timestamp":1756454461000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["AI-Enhanced FT-IR Spectroscopy: Evaluation of a Novel Tool for High-Throughput Serovar Typing of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0495-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Dopu\u0111","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7561-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"\u0160uto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Respiratory System Infections, and Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, Clinical Microbiology Service, Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Clinical Microbiology Service, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Toma\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9496-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucija","family":"Hlebi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9845-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovran","family":"Peinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"\u0160pi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Zdelar Tuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Reil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Humski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4934-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordan","family":"Kompes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for General Bacteriology and Mycology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvija \u0160oprek","family":"Strugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Dr. Fran Mihaljevi\u0107, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Papi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2107-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Avber\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Mikolajczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology & Infection Diagnostics Division, Eastern Europe, Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-267X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Duvnjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.008","article-title":"Changes in Fourier transform infrared spectra of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis after adaptation to stressful growth conditions","volume":"142","author":"Halisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. 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