{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:28:16Z","timestamp":1790792896458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2025-111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2025-111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick infestation represents a significant constraint on livestock productivity in Saudi Arabia; however, there remains a substantial gap in research addressing tick species diversity, distribution, and their direct effects on milk production. This study aimed to morphologically and molecularly identify tick species infesting dairy cattle, quantify the impact of tick infestation on milk yield and composition, and contribute to the limited understanding of tick ecology and its economic implications in the region. Ticks were collected from infested cows and identified morphologically using taxonomic keys. Molecular identification was performed via PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Milk production and quality parameters were assessed in tick-infested and healthy cows in Hafar Al-Batin, Eastern Saudi Arabia. Morphological and genetic analyses confirmed Hyalomma anatolicum as the predominant tick species in the study area, with COI sequences showing high similarity to regional isolates. Tick-infested cows exhibited substantial reductions in milk yield, fat, calcium, and potassium levels, indicating significant metabolic disruptions. Blood biochemical analysis revealed elevated levels of liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased by 238.6%, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) by 155.7%], renal markers [creatinine increased by 788.9%, urea by 130.0%], and electrolyte imbalances [serum calcium decreased by 39.5%, potassium by 45.2%]. Hematological findings included increased white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts by 44.9% and 124.7%, respectively, along with a 53.1% decrease in hemoglobin (HGB), suggesting a systemic inflammatory response and possible anemia. This study is among the first to genetically confirm the presence of H. anatolicum in Hafar Al-Batin using molecular tools, thereby enhancing the accuracy of species-level identification and highlighting the physiological impact of tick burden on dairy productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Tick Infestation on Milk Yield, Blood Biochemistry, Hematology, and the Overall Health of Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Al-Shammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim O.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Aging Research Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Agricultural and Food Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiah","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almaha","family":"Alaqil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtesam","family":"Al-Olayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Alfy, E.-S., Abbas, I., Saleh, S., Elseadawy, R., Fereig, R.M., Rizk, M.A., and Xuan, X. (2024). Tick-borne pathogens in camels: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence in dromedaries. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2023.102268"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perveen, N., Muzaffar, S.B., and Al-Deeb, M.A. (2021). Ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A review. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12010083"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, G., Singh, P., Molla, M., Yimer, Y.S., Ewunetie, A., Tadesse, T.Y., Ayele, T.M., and Kefale, B. (2022). Nutraceuticals: A source of benefaction for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. J. Funct. Foods, 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105260"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardakci, F., Al-Subaie, S.H.M., Badraoui, R., Adnan, M., and Siddiqui, A.J. (2023). Molecular Characterization of Hard Ticks Infesting Camels in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia Using the Barcoding Gene, Mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071535"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3973-y","article-title":"Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alanazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1645\/22-109","article-title":"Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Medina and Qassim, Saudi Arabia","volume":"109","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, B., Manjunathachar, H.V., and Ghosh, S. (2020). A review on Hyalomma species infestations on human and animals and progress on management strategies. Heliyon, 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05675"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makwarela, T.G., Nyangiwe, N., Masebe, T.M., Djikeng, A., Nesengani, L.T., Smith, R.M., and Mapholi, N.O. (2024). Morphological and molecular characterization of tick species infesting cattle in South Africa. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11120638"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz036","article-title":"Species diversity and seasonal distribution of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting mammalian hosts in various districts of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"56","author":"Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayati, M., Hassan, S., Ahmed, S., and Salih, D. (2020). Prevalence of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Theileria annulata infection of cattle in Gezira State, Sudan. Parasite Epidemiol. Control, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00148"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senbill, H., Tanaka, T., Karawia, D., Rahman, S., Zeb, J., Sparagano, O., and Baruah, A. (2022). Morphological identification and molecular characterization of economically important ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from North and North\u2013Western Egypt. Acta Trop., 231.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106438"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hurtado, O.J.B., and Giraldo-R\u00edos, C. (2018). Economic and health impact of the ticks in production animals. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.36346\/sarjpm.2023.v04i06.003","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Hyalomma anatolicum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) in Babylon Province, Middle Iraq","volume":"4","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAR J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, P.S., Ahmed, M., Ansari, A.S., Gadahi, J.A., Memon, S.B., Tariq, M., Laghari, Z.A., Soomro, F., Bhutto, B., and Mari, N.-U.-N. (2024). Molecular Identification of Hyalomma Ticks and Application of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins as an Effective Biological Acaricide. J. Parasitol. Res., 2024.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9952738"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogalska, A., Momot, M., and Nogalski, Z. (2020). The mineral composition of milk from high-yielding dairy cows depending on the month of lactation and udder health. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144803"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16916","article-title":"Effects of somatic cell score on milk yield and mid-infrared predicted composition and technological traits of Brown Swiss, Holstein Friesian, and Simmental cattle breeds","volume":"103","author":"Franzoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003028","article-title":"Monitoring udder health and milk quality using somatic cell counts","volume":"34","author":"Schukken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"67","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in buffalo and cow calves in rural areas of Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Bilal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perveen, N., Bin Muzaffar, S., and Al-Deeb, M.A. (2020). Population dynamics of Hyalomma dromedarii on camels in the United Arab Emirates. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11050320"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, K., Weakley, M., Do, T., and Mir, S. (2022). Current and future molecular diagnostics of tick-borne diseases in cattle. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9050241"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1938161001","article-title":"Les esp\u00e8ces iraniennes du genre H\u00e6maphysalis Koch, 1844: Identit\u00e9 d\u2019H\u00e6maphysalis cholodkovskyi Ole-nev, 1928 et d\u2019H. cinnabarina var. cretica Senevet et Caminopetros, 1936","volume":"16","author":"Delpy","year":"1938","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Bouattour, A., Camicas, J., and Walker, A.R. (2004). Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Mediterranean Region: A Guide to Identification of Species, University of Zaragoza."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Diab, F., Al-Khalifa, M., Al-Asgah, N., Hussein, H., and Khalil, G. (2006). Ticks (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) infesting livestock in Saudi Arabia. Fauna Arab., 22."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2023.137021.2630","article-title":"Morphological and genotypical identification of Hyalomma anatolicum isolated from cattle in Al-Daghara city, Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binetruy, F., Dupraz, M., Buysse, M., and Duron, O. (2019). Surface sterilization methods impact measures of internal microbial diversity in ticks. Parasites Vectors, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3517-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, A., Fingerle, V., and Noll, M. (2020). Analysis of tick surface decontamination methods. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8070987"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Feldman, B.F., Zinkl, J.G., and Jain, N.C. (2000). Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology, Blackwell Publishing. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals, Bailli\u00e8re Tindall. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Garaniya, N., Ramani, H., and Golakiya, B. (2012). Comparative Study of Nutrients Profile of Cow Milk at Different Lactation: A Case Study of Gir Cow Milk. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 1."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-59.2.151","article-title":"Preservation and storage mechanisms for raw milk samples for use in milk-recording schemes","volume":"59","author":"Monardes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1039\/C8JA00037A","article-title":"ICP-MS for the analysis at the nanoscale\u2014A tutorial review","volume":"33","author":"Nischwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15376","article-title":"Production, milk fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization in grazing dairy cows supplemented with ground flaxseed","volume":"102","author":"Isenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.27.6.310","article-title":"Use and interpretation of somatic cell count data in dairy cows","volume":"27","author":"Andrew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Weiss, D.J., and Wardrop, K. (2010). Drug-induced blood cell disorders. Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology, Wiley-Blackwell. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, A.B., Yahya, A., Aloqab, Z., AlHudhaifi, A., Alateef, A.A., Morshed, A., Qasem, A., Al-Awlaqi, M., Alshahari, S., and Mohammed, N. (2025). Determination of reference intervals for common liver function tests among healthy adults. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97545-8"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"907","article-title":"Turbidimetric Determination of Fecal Calprotectin Using Two Table Top Chemistry Analyzers: Mindray BS-200E and Cobas\u00ae c111","volume":"63","author":"Nilsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2022-0346","article-title":"Evaluation of a point-of-care calcium device in bovine plasma and serum","volume":"4","author":"Caixeta","year":"2023","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.12.005","article-title":"Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) and interferences\u2014A review","volume":"411","author":"Dimeski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, D.T.D., Alves, M.L., Spada, J.C.P., Leonel, J.A.F., Vioti, G., Benassi, J.C., Carregaro, V.M.L., Alves-Martin, M.F., Starke-Buzetti, W.A., and Oliveira, T.M.F.S. (2023). Feline leishmaniosis: Hematological and biochemical analysis. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet., 32.","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612023035"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.01.005","article-title":"Molecular characterization of ticks and tick-borne piroplasms from cattle and camel in Hofuf, eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"28","author":"Omer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2009.10.002","article-title":"Blood parasites of livestock in certain regions in Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Hussein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.114-120","article-title":"Prevalence, distribution on host\u2019s body, and chemical control of camel ticks Hyalomma dromedarii in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"13","author":"Muzaffar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"89","article-title":"Molecular identification and phylogenetic study of ticks (Ixodidae) isolated from small ruminants in Duhok Governorate, Iraq","volume":"20","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basrah J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"503","article-title":"The Iranian Hyalomma (Acari: Ixodidae) with a key to the identification of male species","volume":"2","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Persian J. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.10.013","article-title":"Cattle infestation by Hyalomma ticks and prevalence of Theileria in Hyalomma species in the east of Turkey","volume":"119","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.003","article-title":"Detection of Theileria and Babesia species in ticks collected from cattle","volume":"148","author":"Vatansever","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"305","article-title":"Differentiation between common tick species using molecular biology techniques in Saudi Arabia","volume":"73","author":"Fetoh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perveen, N., Muzaffar, S.B., and Al-Deeb, M.A. (2021). Prevalence, Distribution, and Molecular Record of Four Hard Ticks from Livestock in the United Arab Emirates. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12111016"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.09.003","article-title":"Insight into Hyalomma anatolicum biology by comparative genomics analyses","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"390","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity and DNA barcoding of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) of the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"36","author":"Fallatah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"365","article-title":"Investigation of blood parasites in livestock infested with argasid and ixodid ticks in Egypt","volume":"31","author":"Oyoun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"276","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hard ticks in ruminants of Al-Ahsa Oasis Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Abdally","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alanazi, A.D., Abdulaziz, S.A., Mohammad, Y.A., Mohamed, S.A., Hend, H.A.M.A., Ahmad, M.A., Bassma, S.M.E., Sobhy, A.-S., Muslimah, N.A., and Khan, A. (2021). Tick burden and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in cattle from four regions of Saudi Arabia. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101652"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182024001161","article-title":"Camel tick species distribution in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates using MaxEnt modelling","volume":"151","author":"Perveen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Lv, J., Li, F., Li, K., He, B., Zhang, L., Han, X., Wang, H., Johnson, N., and Lin, X. (2020). Identification and molecular analysis of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic animals and tick-borne pathogens at the Tarim Basin of Southern Xinjiang, China. Korean J. Parasitol., 58.","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2020.58.1.37"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0192-0","article-title":"Distribution and phylogeny of Hyalomma ticks (Acari:Ixodidae) in Turkey","volume":"73","author":"Olcay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.688-694","article-title":"Epidemiological study of tick infestation in buffalo of various regions of district Khairpur, Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Abbasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Ahmad, A.S., Ashraf, K., Khan, J.A., and Rashid, M.I. (2024). Insights into the involvement of male Hyalomma anatolicum ticks in transmitting Anaplasma marginale, lumpy skin disease virus and Theileria annulata. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 56.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-04022-x"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2019.153860","article-title":"Morphological and phylogenetic study of Hyalomma anatolicum in Al-Najaf, Iraq","volume":"32","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, A., Hussain, S., Yu, A., Varga, C., De Leo, G.A., and Smith, R.L. (2024). Geographical epidemiology of Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus microplus in Pakistan: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309442"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.07.003","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne diseases: A One Health perspective","volume":"28","author":"Chomel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0241","article-title":"Molecular detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae associated with ixodid ticks in Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Allam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeb, J., Song, B., Khan, M.A., Senbill, H., Aziz, M.U., Hussain, S., D\u00edaz S\u00e1nchez, A.A., Cabezas-Cruz, A., Alzahrani, A., and Alshehri, M. (2024). Genetic diversity of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens in ixodid ticks collected from small ruminants in Northern Pakistan. Infect. Genet. Evol., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2024.105663"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"147","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of ticks from domestic ruminants in Lebanon","volume":"53","author":"Dabaja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Molecular identification of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting cattle in Iraq using mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes","volume":"14","author":"Mero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v71i4.228","article-title":"High infection rates of the tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with Trypanosoma theileri","volume":"71","author":"Latif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2017.77797","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-vectors of Theileria annulata infesting the one-humped camels in Giza, Egypt","volume":"47","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"305","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria spp. in cattle in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia\u2014Microscopy survey","volume":"99","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00033-2","article-title":"Sustainable tick and tick-borne disease control in livestock improvement in developing countries","volume":"71","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bondan, C., Folchini, J.A., Noro, M., Quadros, D.L., Machado, K.M., and Gonz\u00e1lez, F.H.D. (2018). Milk composition of Holstein cows: A retrospective study. Ci\u00eancia Rural., 48.","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20180123"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00306.x","article-title":"The effects of the brown ear-tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, on milk production in dairy cattle","volume":"11","author":"Norval","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"100","article-title":"Cattle anaplasmosis and babesiosis: Major tick-borne diseases affecting the cattle industry in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"26","author":"Satti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azambuja, R.C., Rodrigues, P.F., Menezes, L.M., Costa, R.F., Teixeira, B.B., Mendon\u00e7a, F.S., Su\u00f1\u00e9, R.W., Silveira, I.D., and Cardoso, F.F. (2020). Milk Production and Constituents of Beef Cows with Different Breed Compositions. Res.Sq., Preprint Version 1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-58097\/v1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-024-00906-7","article-title":"Risk factors affecting the feeding site predilection of ticks on cattle in Ghana","volume":"92","author":"Addo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paucar-Quishpe, V., P\u00e9rez-Ot\u00e1\u00f1ez, X., Rodr\u00edguez-Hidalgo, R., P\u00e9rez-Escalante, C., Cepeda-Bastidas, D., Grijalva, J., Enr\u00edquez, S., Arciniegas-Ortega, S., Vanwambeke, S.O., and Ron-Garrido, L. (2024). Farmers\u2019 adoption, knowledge, and perceptions of tick control measures on dairy farms in subtropical areas of continental Ecuador. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 2024.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5023240"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, H., Rizwan, H.M., Younus, M., Farid, M.U., Naeem, M.A., Ali Taseer, M.S., Asghar, M., Sargison, N., and Opara, M. (2023). Parasite control strategies: Trace elements and minerals. Parasitism and Parasitic Control in Animals, CIBA.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800621893.0013"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"2045","article-title":"A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats","volume":"10","author":"Radostits","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"49","article-title":"Impact of tick infestation and blood parasites on milk minerals, production, and reproductive performance in dairy cattle","volume":"18","author":"Noha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. Vet. Med. Soc. Parasitol. J."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Milk fever in dairy cows: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karim, S., Budachetri, K., Mukherjee, N., Williams, J., Kausar, A., Hassan, M.J., Adamson, S., Dowd, S.E., Apanskevich, D., and Arijo, A. (2017). A study of ticks and tick-borne livestock pathogens in Pakistan. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005681"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10929.x","article-title":"An estimate of the economic effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on Queensland dairy farms","volume":"79","author":"Jonsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9408","article-title":"Association between Dictyocaulus viviparus status and milk production parameters in Dutch dairy herds","volume":"98","author":"Dank","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"200","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on health and performance of dairy animals: A review Impact parasitic infection on milk yield, composition, and oxidative stress biomarkers in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"216","author":"Atta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0192","article-title":"Changes in physical properties of bovine milk from the colostrum period to early lactation","volume":"90","author":"Tsioulpas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"978","article-title":"Mixed infection of tick-borne haemo-parasites in water buffalo and associated pathological responses and treatment","volume":"56","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian. J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumon, S.M.R., Parvin, M.S., Ehsan, M.A., and Islam, M.T. (2020). Dynamics of somatic cell count and intramammary infection in lactating dairy cows. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7.","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2020.g423"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Hematobiochemical alterations in crossbred cattle naturally infected with babesiosis","volume":"52","author":"Saleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.33545\/26174693.2024.v8.i6g.1385","article-title":"Impact of tick infestation on haematological and biochemical profiles in cattle: A comparative study","volume":"8","author":"Goswami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Ku, J.-Y., Jung, Y., Lim, Y.-H., Ji, M.-J., Park, Y.-J., Cho, H.-C., Choi, K.-S., and Park, J. (2024). Evaluation of haematological parameters in haemolytic anaemia caused by tick-borne pathogens in grazing cattle. Vet. Med. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1434"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.08.024","article-title":"Acute phase response in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale","volume":"155","author":"Nazifi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:39:02Z","timestamp":1760035142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14090883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}}}