{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:54Z","timestamp":1760060574651,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INIFAP-Mexico","award":["SIGI: 9254136498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIGI: 9254136498"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small ruminant production under grazing conditions plays a crucial role in the global primary sector economy. However, these animals are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), which significantly impact their health and welfare. Given the increasing resistance to conventional anthelmintics, there is a pressing need to explore sustainable alternatives, such as plant secondary metabolites. This study aimed to identify phenolic compounds with anthelmintic activity from Tithonia diversifolia aerial parts, using Haemonchus contortus as a biological model. Egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality assays were used to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E), an aqueous (Aq-F) and ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc-F), and eight bioactive subfractions (TdR1-TdR8) obtained from EtOAc-F. The identification of major compounds was performed using HPLC-PDA. The E-HA and EtOAc-F achieved 100% EHI at 40 and 4 mg\/mL, respectively. The subfractions TdR2 (EC90 = 0.55 mg\/mL), TdR3 (EC90 = 0.12 mg\/mL), and TdR4 (EC90 = 0.26 mg\/mL) exhibited the highest ovicidal activity. In the larval mortality test, EtOAc-F showed an LC85 of 56.74 mg\/mL. The major identified compounds included cinnamates, hydroxycinnamic acids (e.g., caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid), gallates, flavonoids (flavones and flavanones), and coumarins. These findings support the potential of T. diversifolia as a promising natural source for the control of GINs in small ruminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Compounds from Tithonia diversifolia Aerial Parts Against Eggs and Infective Larvae of the Parasitic Nematode Haemonchus contortus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4083-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Alberto","family":"Cortes-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fitoqu\u00edmica y Productos Naturales del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5499-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534\/Col. Progreso.Jiutepec, A.P. 206-CIVAC, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria Michelle","family":"Tapia-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica del Estado de Morelos, Cuauhn\u00e1huac 566, Lomas del Texcal, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manases","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cortazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Zamilpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec C.P. 62790, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Mendoza-de","family":"Gives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534\/Col. Progreso.Jiutepec, A.P. 206-CIVAC, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Villa-Mancera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco C.P. 75460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8350-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Sachman-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534\/Col. Progreso.Jiutepec, A.P. 206-CIVAC, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filiberto Anzures","family":"Olvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Regional Pac\u00edfico-Sur (CIRPAS-INIFAP), Iguala de la Independencia C.P. 40000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02439-8","article-title":"Ovine haemonchosis: A review","volume":"53","author":"Naeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flay, K.J., Hill, F.I., and Muguiro, D.H. (2022). A Review: Haemonchus contortus infection in pasture-based sheep production systems, with a focus on the pathogenesis of anaemia and changes in haematological parameters. 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