{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T14:22:40Z","timestamp":1781360560909,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (IPN), Secretaria de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado (SIP)","award":["20251005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20251005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, 104 purified water samples were collected from vending machines in the three main cities of Michoacan, Mexico, to assess microbiological quality and the occurrence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEP) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Aerobic mesophilic bacteria were detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.95 to 3.71 log10 CFU\/mL. A total of 62, 34, and 25 samples tested positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli, respectively. Sixty-two samples exceeded Mexico\u2019s official guideline. None of the 58 E. coli strains isolated from the 25 E. coli-positive samples belonged to DEP. NTM species were recovered from 47 samples, including M. mucogenicum (n = 18), M. abscessus (n = 11), M. chelonae (n = 7), M. porcinum (n = 3), M. fortuitum (n = 2), M. septicum (n = 1), M. phocaicum (n = 1), and M. brisbanense (n = 1). Three additional isolates could not be identified. All NTM strains produced biofilm and exhibited sliding motility. These findings highlight significant microbiological risks associated with vending machine water and underscore the need for manufacturers to ensure regular maintenance to provide safe and reliable purified water to consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:18:57Z","timestamp":1756977537000},"page":"886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microbiological Quality and Presence of Clinically Relevant Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Purified Water from Vending Machines in Michoacan, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9997-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Jiovanni","family":"Soria-Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmico Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58240, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet Karina","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmico Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Esteban","family":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmico Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Alejandra","family":"P\u00e9rez-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmico Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Hernandez-Mixteco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba 94340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Lidia","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba 94340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliud Alfredo","family":"Garcia-Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba 94340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5086-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Castillo-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1556-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Rivera-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6162-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Cornejo-Estudillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Jos\u00e9 Ma. Pastrana, Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, Yecapixtla 62829, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Le\u00f3n-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6715-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Addy Cecilia","family":"Helguera-Repetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Campos-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda, Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5471-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. Guadalupe","family":"Zanella-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jurisdicci\u00f3n Sanitaria VI, Secretaria de Salud, Irapuato 36547, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7496-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Castro-Escarpulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6426-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cortes-Penagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmico Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58240, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Francisco","family":"Cerna-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, July 01). Virtue Market Research. Available online: https:\/\/virtuemarketresearch.com\/report\/water-vending-machine-market."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, July 01). El Sol de la Laguna (Newpaper). Available online: https:\/\/oem.com.mx\/elsoldelalaguna\/local\/en-dos-anos-ha-aumentado-un-30-las-maquinas-expendedoras-de-agua-purificada-en-torreon-18200187."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, July 01). Vanguardia MX (Newspaper). Available online: https:\/\/vanguardia.com.mx\/coahuila\/ante-el-boom-de-las-expendedoras-y-purificadoras-de-agua-en-coahuila-son-seguras-KB12464439."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/09603129973164","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Water Vending Machines","volume":"9","author":"Chaidez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/143255","article-title":"Potential of Water Vending Machine to Remove Trihalomethanes and Heavy Metals During High and Low Water Seasons in Petropavlovsk","volume":"31","author":"Nikiforov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-016-0194-x","article-title":"Identification of Escherichia coli Strains from Water Vending Machines of Kelantan, Malaysia Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expos. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.01.019","article-title":"Public Health Risk Assessment from Drinking Water from Vending Machines in Seri Kembangan (Malaysia)","volume":"91","author":"Praveena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.11113\/mjfas.v16n2.1486","article-title":"Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water from Water Vending Machines","volume":"16","author":"Muhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mal. J. Fund. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TNMI7-0024-2016","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0024-2016","article-title":"Nontuberculous Mycobacteria-Overview","volume":"5","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lake, M.A., Ambrose, L.R., Lipman, M.C., and Lowe, D.M. (2016). \u201cWhy Me, Why Now?\u201d Using Clinical Immunology and Epidemiology to Explain Who Gets Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0606-6"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkinham, J.O. (2021). Ecology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112262"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0387OC","article-title":"Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection. A Multisystem, Multigenic Disease","volume":"192","author":"Szymanski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donohue, M.J. (2018). Increasing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Reporting Rates and Species Diversity Identified in Clinical Laboratory Reports. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3043-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107398","article-title":"Increasing Trends of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Clinical Isolates in Guangzhou, China","volume":"260","author":"Deqing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2024.08.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection in Asia: A Narrative Review","volume":"72","author":"Ong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101510","article-title":"Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Household Plumbing of Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Disease","volume":"17","author":"Falkinham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Secretaria del Bienestar Mexico (2025, July 02). Informes Anuales Sobre la Situaci\u00f3n de Pobreza y Rezago Social (Spanish), Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cms\/uploads\/attachment\/file\/976486\/16MichoacanFM25.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"NOM-201-SSA1-2015 (2024, June 03). Productos y Servicios. Agua y Hielo Para Consumo Humano, Envasado y a Granel. Especificaciones Sanitarias (Spanish), Available online: https:\/\/dof.gob.mx\/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5420977&fecha=22\/12\/2015."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2024, June 03). Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/bacteriological-analytical-manual-bam."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.01-0507","article-title":"Single Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Diverse Loci Associated with Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"9","author":"Cerna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.062349-0","article-title":"Persistent Bloody Diarrhoea Without Fever Associated with Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli in a Young Child","volume":"62","author":"Zaidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerna-Cortes, J.F., Cortes-Cueto, A.L., Villegas-Martinez, D., Leon-Montes, N., Salas-Rangel, L.P., Rivera-Gutierrez, S., Lopez-Hernandez, D., Helguera-Repetto, A.C., Fernandez-Rendon, E., and Gonzalez, Y.M.J.A. (2019). Bacteriological Quality of Bottled Water Obtained from Mexico City Small Water Purification Plants: Incidence and Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 306.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108260"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880300829X","article-title":"A Novel Multiplex-PCR for the Rapid Identification of Mycobacterium Bovis in Clinical Isolates of Both Veterinary and Human Origin","volume":"130","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5699-5708.2003","article-title":"rpoB-Based Identification of Nonpigmented and Late-Pigmenting Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria","volume":"41","author":"Adekambi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2882-2889.1993","article-title":"Genotypic Identification of Mycobacteria by Nucleic Acid Sequence Determination: Report of a 2-Year Experience in A Clinical Laboratory","volume":"31","author":"Kirschner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.175-178.1993","article-title":"Rapid Identification of Mycobacteria to the Species Level by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Enzyme Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Telenti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3820","article-title":"Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilms","volume":"15","author":"Kulka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"DC09","article-title":"Comparative Study of Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Patients of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection","volume":"8","author":"Saxena","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.23.7331-7338.1999","article-title":"Sliding Motility in Mycobacteria","volume":"181","author":"Martinez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2020.372","article-title":"Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water from Vending Machines of Eastern Coachella Valley","volume":"21","author":"Hile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, August 01). Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-Water Safety. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42612\/9241562269.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-398","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Packaged Ice From Various Sources in Georgia","volume":"77","author":"Mako","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igbeneghu, O.A., and Lamikanra, A. (2014). The Bacteriological Quality of Different Brands of Bottled Water Available to Consumers in Ile-Ife, South-Western Nigeria. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-859"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.2002.0490","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Ice Used to Refrigerate Foods","volume":"19","author":"Dias","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.7763\/IJESD.2015.V6.685","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water from Water Dispenser Machines","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.32526\/ennrj\/21\/20230014","article-title":"Microbiological Quality and Sanitation of Food Stalls and Drinking Water Vending Machines","volume":"21","author":"Yongyod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(01)00351-7","article-title":"Detection and Enumeration of Coliforms in Drinking Water: Current Methods and Emerging Approaches","volume":"49","author":"Servais","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"NOM-251-SSA1-2009 (2024, June 03). Pr\u00e1cticas de Higiene Para el Proceso de Alimentos, Bebidas o Suplementos Alimenticios (Spanish), Available online: https:\/\/www.dof.gob.mx\/normasOficiales\/3980\/salud\/salud.htm."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"NOM-127-SSA1-2021 (2024, June 03). Salud Ambiental, Agua Para Uso y Consumo Humano-L\u00edmites Permisibles de Calidad y Tratamientos a Que Debe Someterse el Agua Para Su Potabilizaci\u00f3n (Spanish), Available online: https:\/\/www.dof.gob.mx\/nota_detalle_popup.php?codigo=5650705."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlik, I., Ulmann, V., and Falkinham, J.O. (2022). Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Ecology and Impact on Animal and Human Health. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081516"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An Official ATS\/IDSA Statement: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000477","article-title":"Mycobacterium phocaicum bacteremia: An Emerging Infection in Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Patients","volume":"33","author":"Geffen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12911","article-title":"Mycobacterium brisbanense Lung Infection Facilitated by Steroid Induced Adrenal Insufficiency","volume":"127","author":"Gynthersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02091-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02091-20","article-title":"Mycobacterium septicum: A 6-Year Clinical Experience from a Tertiary Hospital and Reference Laboratory","volume":"58","author":"Go","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S513994","article-title":"A Case Report of Wound Infection Caused by Mycobacterium porcinum","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2015.03.017","article-title":"Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"33","author":"Drage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60120-0","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacteria in Crohn's Disease by a Broad Spectrum Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"105","author":"Tzen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1375028","article-title":"Disinfection of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Hominissuis in Drinking Tap Water Using Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation","volume":"39","author":"Schiavano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1225-1231.2001","article-title":"Factors Influencing Numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Other Mycobacteria in Drinking Water Distribution Systems","volume":"67","author":"Falkinham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02573-05","article-title":"Effect of Growth in Biofilms on Chlorine Susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare","volume":"72","author":"Steed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:39:16Z","timestamp":1760035156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14090886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090886","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}