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UNAM.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN205021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN205021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"FESC. UNAM.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN206924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN206924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"FESC. UNAM.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C12478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C12478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Bovine leukemia virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that targets B cell CD5+ lymphocytes in cattle. Only a tiny percentage of individuals develop malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, while most remain healthy carriers or experience persistent lymphocytosis. The exact mechanisms leading to lymphoma development are complex and not fully understood. RNA-seq analysis of cows\u2019 peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) with and without Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antibodies was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of molecular events beyond BLV infection. Method: Eighteen samples were selected, and their RNA was sequenced. For gene expression analysis and protein\u2013protein network interactions, three groups were selected, including healthy negative samples (CT, n = 7), asymptomatic carriers (AC, n = 5), and persistent lymphocytosis (PL, n = 6), to provide the differentially expressed gene (DEG) and protein\u2013protein interaction network (PPIN) outputs. Results: Our results demonstrated that in comparison to CT, ACs upregulated TLR7 and transcription activation factors. In the CT vs. PL group, MHC class II, transcription activation factors, and anti-inflammatory cytokines increased, while the acute-phase proteins, antiviral receptors, and inflammatory cytokines decreased. Additionally, antiviral receptors, acute-phase proteins, and inflammatory receptors were downregulated in the PL versus the AC groups. Moreover, PPINs analysis suggested that nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1), serine\/arginine repetitive matrix 2 (SRRM2), LUC7 like 3 pre-mRNA splicing factor (LUC7L3), TWIST neighbor (TWISTNB), U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated (LSM4), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (EEF2), ubiquitin C (UBC), CD74, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2\/B1 (HNRNP A2B1) are possible hub gene candidates in the PL group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that innate and cellular immune responses are more loose in severe BLV infectious conditions, while the PPINs revealed that new protein interactions are necessary for oncogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1757058377000},"page":"887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differential Gene Expression and Protein\u2013Protein Interaction Networks in Bovine Leukemia Virus Infected Cattle: An RNA-Seq Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Food Safety, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Mexico City 05110, CP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Akbarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitl\u00e1n, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlan Izacalli 54714, EM, Mexico"},{"name":"Medical School, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad 9187147578, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cer\u00f3n-T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Food Safety, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Mexico City 05110, CP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Eduardo","family":"Acevedo-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitl\u00e1n, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlan Izacalli 54714, EM, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitl\u00e1n, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlan Izacalli 54714, EM, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitl\u00e1n, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlan Izacalli 54714, EM, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucero de Mar\u00eda","family":"\u00c1vila-De la Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitl\u00e1n, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlan Izacalli 54714, EM, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisela","family":"Leal-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Food Safety, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Mexico City 05110, CP, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1682-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Ram\u00edrez \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitl\u00e1n, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlan Izacalli 54714, EM, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Notsu, K., Wiratsudakul, A., Mitoma, S., El Daous, H., Kaneko, C., El-Khaiat, H.M., Norimine, J., and Sekiguchi, S. 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