{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1780395787735,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resistance to anthelmintics in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) is highly prevalent, as these parasites have been treated with anthelmintics for decades in ruminants and horses. Anthelmintics belong to different classes, each with a different mode of action. The most used are benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones and, to a lesser extent, levamisole and pyrantel in herbivores, as estimated from the literature. Combining these classes should be effective in controlling GIN. However, several farmers\u2019 practices tend to promote GIN resistance. Therefore, it is unclear whether the use of anthelmintic associations is a sustainable solution for controlling resistance in natural conditions. It is not easy to establish the association of anthelmintic resistances on farms since rarely several anthelmintics and their combinations are used on a single farm. Composed probability calculations were employed when literature data indicated the presence of resistance (to benzimidazoles, levamisole, or macrocyclic lactones) in several ruminant GIN cases. The efficacy of different anthelmintics (benzimidazoles, pyrantel, or macrocyclic lactones) was evaluated in terms of the correlation between faecal nematode egg counts in horses in the available literature. No associations of anthelmintic resistance were found between the different classes of anthelmintics in either ruminants or horses. However, the association between anthelmintic resistance in GIN may appear in the long term. It is presumed that combining drugs may reduce the development of resistance and allow better control of infection on farms where resistance is already established to a low level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1757406154000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Independent Development of Resistance to Main Classes of Anthelmintics by Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Ruminants and Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Cabaret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), F. Rabelais University Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020062","article-title":"Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: Creation and meta-analysis of an open database","volume":"27","author":"Vineer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.010","article-title":"Drug resistance in veterinary helminths","volume":"20","author":"Wolstenholme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.016","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance and multidrug resistance in sheep gastro-intestinal nematodes in France, Greece and Italy","volume":"201","author":"Geurden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03352.x","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in Australian sheep nematode populations","volume":"71","author":"Overend","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2006.36710","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep farms in New Zealand","volume":"54","author":"Waghorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00906-X","article-title":"The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep in Southern Latin America: Brazil","volume":"62","author":"Echevarria","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109809","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Baudinette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cabaret, J. (2000). Anthelmintic resistance in goats: From fiction to facts. 7th Conf\u00e9rence Internationale sur les Caprins, Institut de l\u2019\u00c9levage."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003018","article-title":"Multispecies and multiple anthelmintic resistance on cattle nematodes in a farm in Argentina: The beginning of high resistance?","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2018.09.022","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"217","author":"Baiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(96)00986-7","article-title":"Anthelminthics resistance","volume":"64","author":"Borgsteede","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"38","article-title":"Preliminary observations on the resistance of the horse strongyles to phenothiazine","volume":"47","author":"Drudge","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(91)90122-C","article-title":"A field evaluation of anthelmintics for control of cyathostomes of horses in Brazil","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S2-S2","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin populations from horse yards in Italy, United Kingdom and Germany","volume":"2","author":"Traversa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S2-S8","article-title":"Diagnosis and control of anthelmintic-resistant Parascaris equorum","volume":"2","author":"Reinemeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90065-8","article-title":"Prevalence and control of benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles on German thoroughbred studs","volume":"21","author":"Bauer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.11.019","article-title":"The detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance","volume":"136","author":"Coles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.903","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes on horse farms","volume":"225","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cabaret, J. (2014). Reliable phenotypic evaluations of anthelmintic resistance in herbivores: How and when should they be done. Anthelmintics: Clinical Pharmacology, Uses in Veterinary Medicine and Efficacy, Nova Science Publisher."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.08.010","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance: The state of play revisited","volume":"79","author":"Jabbar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caffrey, C.R. (2012). Antinematodal drugs\u2014Modes of action and resistance: And worms will not come to thee (Shakespeare: Cymbeline: IV, ii). Parasitic Helminths: Targets, Screens, Drugs and Vaccines, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652969"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.11.003","article-title":"Nicotine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors are relevant pharmacological targets for the control of multidrug resistant parasitic nematodes","volume":"8","author":"Charvet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00221-8","article-title":"P-glycoprotein in helminth: Function and perspectives for anthelmintic treatment and reversal of resistance","volume":"22","author":"Kerboeuf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e3282f4711d","article-title":"Genetic analysis of a relationship between macrocyclic lactone and benzimidazole anthelmintic selection on Haemonchus contortus","volume":"18","author":"Mottier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.08.007","article-title":"Ivermectin selection on beta-tubulin: Evidence in Onchocerca volvulus and Haemonchus contortus","volume":"150","author":"Eng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002033","article-title":"Sheep and goat nematode resistance to anthelmintics: Pro and cons among breeding management factors","volume":"33","author":"Silvestre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.10.007","article-title":"Risk factor analysis of equine strongyle resistance to anthelmintics","volume":"7","author":"Cortet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.004","article-title":"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) Guideline: Anthelmintic combination products targeting nematode infections of ruminants and horses","volume":"190","author":"Geary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.030","article-title":"The role of combination anthelmintic formulations in the sustainable control of sheep nematodes","volume":"186","author":"Bartram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00953.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the interaction between ivermectin and albendazole following their combined use in lambs","volume":"31","author":"Alvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abongwa, M., Buxton, S.K., Robertson, A.P., and Martin, R.J. (2016). Curiouser and Curiouser: The Macrocyclic Lactone, Abamectin, Is also a Potent Inhibitor of Pyrantel\/Tribendimidine Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors of Gastro-Intestinal Worms. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146854"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of pharmacological interactions after administration of a levamisole, albendazole and ivermectin triple combination in lambs","volume":"201","author":"Suarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13248","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics, either singly or in combination with other anthelmintic(s), in nine beef herds in southern NSW","volume":"101","author":"Allworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2006.36604","article-title":"Resistance to a triple combination of broad-spectrum anthelmintics in naturally acquired Ostertagia circumcincta infections in sheep","volume":"54","author":"Wrigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"23","article-title":"Resistencia antihelm\u00edntica m\u00faltiple (closantel, fenbendazol, ivermectina y levamisol) en Haemonchus spp parasitando ovinos en la provincia de Santa Fe. Ineficacia de una triple combinaci\u00f3n de estas drogas para su control","volume":"95","author":"Anziani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping","volume":"84","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2006.36711","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on 62 beef cattle farms in the North Island of New Zealand","volume":"54","author":"Waghorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ventsel, H. (1973). Th\u00e9orie des Probabilit\u00e9s, Editions Mir."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X1999000300002","article-title":"Resistencia anti-helm\u00edntica em rebanhos caprinos no Estado do Ceara","volume":"19","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00701507","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy goats under extensive management conditions in southwestern France","volume":"75","author":"Chartier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Helm."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Melo, A.C. (2005). Resistance to Benzimidazoles in Nematode Haemonchus contortus in Ceara State. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universida de Ceara]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.013","article-title":"Repeated treatment faecal egg counts to identify gastrointestinal nematode resistance in a context of low-level infection of sheep on farms in eastern Algeria","volume":"144","author":"Bentounsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Zuiten, H. (2006). R\u00e9sistance des N\u00e9matodes aux Antiparasitaires Etude Compar\u00e9e chez les Ovins et les Chevaux. [Ph.D. Thesis, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Mohamed V-Agdal]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0130-2","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep farms in Northwest Spain","volume":"99","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4488(97)00116-8","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes in sheep and goats in Western France","volume":"29","author":"Chartier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Small Rum. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"29","article-title":"Resistencia antihelm\u00edntica: Evaluaci\u00f3n de la prueba de reducci\u00f3n del conteo de huevos","volume":"35","author":"Cristel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.023","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in cattle nematodes in northwestern Sao Paulo state, Brazil","volume":"148","author":"Soutello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00113-2","article-title":"A comparison of in vitro tests and a faecal egg count reduction test in detecting anthelmintic resistance in horse strongyles","volume":"85","author":"Craven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547710","article-title":"A Field Survey on Anthelmintic Resistance in Equine Small Strongyles in Norway","volume":"36","author":"Ihler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-49-25","article-title":"Parasite control practices on Swedish horse farms","volume":"49","author":"Lind","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.020","article-title":"Lack of Cyathostomin sp. reduction after anthelmintic treatment in horses in Brazil","volume":"194","author":"Canever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Pagnon, R. (2005). R\u00e9sistance aux Anthelminthiques des Strongles chez les \u00c9quid\u00e9s: Enqu\u00eate dans un Centre \u00c9questre du Sud de la France. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.048","article-title":"Efficacy of major anthelmintics against horse cyathostomins in France","volume":"188","author":"Traversa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.07.006","article-title":"Occurrence of anthelmintic resistant equine cyathostome populations in central and southern Italy","volume":"82","author":"Traversa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev.Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Guerrero, C. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2005124347","article-title":"Poor efficacy of the most commonly used anthelmintics in sport horse nematodes in Morocco in relation to resistance","volume":"12","author":"Zouiten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.03.024","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins of brood horses in Ukraine and influence of anthelmintic treatments on strongylid community structure","volume":"154","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12201","article-title":"A combination treatment strategy using pyrantel pamoate and oxibendazole demonstrates additive effects for controlling equine cyathostomins","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Edu."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"100388","article-title":"Reduced efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin against Parascaris spp. in foals from Argentina","volume":"20","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.08.028","article-title":"The efficacy of ivermectin, pyrantel and fenbendazole against Parascaris equorum infection in foals on farms in Australia","volume":"205","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.12.384","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistant nematodes in Brazilian horses","volume":"162","author":"Molento","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"41","article-title":"Antiparasitic action of ivermectin, moxidectin and piperazine against Parascaris spp. in foals at southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Lignon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Anim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X14000510","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of intestinal nematodes to ivermectin and pyrantel in Estonian horses","volume":"89","author":"Lassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Helm."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"35","article-title":"Parasite infections and their risk factors in foals and young horses in Finland","volume":"12","author":"Aromaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0966-8","article-title":"Evaluation of parasiticidal activity of fenbendazole, ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate in horse foals with emphasis on ascarids (Parascaris equorum) in field studies on five farms in Central Kentucky in 2007","volume":"103","author":"Lyons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2379-3","article-title":"Further evaluation in field tests of the activity of three anthelmintics (fenbendazole, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate) against the ascarid Parascaris equorum in horse foals on eight farms in Central Kentucky (2009\u20132010)","volume":"109","author":"Lyons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.10.009","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in non-strongylid parasites of horses","volume":"185","author":"Reinemeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, K., Geiger, M., J\u00e4ger, M.C., Knubben-Schweizer, G., Strube, C., and Zablotski, Y. (2022). Effectiveness of anthelmintic treatments in small ruminants in Germany. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121501"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1947","article-title":"Drug Combination Studies and Their Synergy Quantification Using the Chou-Talalay Method","volume":"70","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Chou, T.-C., and Martin, N. (2007). CompuSyn Software for Drug Combinations and for General Dose Effect Analysis, and User\u2019s Guide, ComboSyn, Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.combosyn.com\/."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-292","article-title":"Effect of combinations of marketed human anthelmintic drugs against Trichuris muris in vitro and in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Keiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.110079","article-title":"Simultaneous resistance to multiple anthelmintic classes in nematode parasites of cattle in New Zealand","volume":"325","author":"Sauermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110435","article-title":"Kaplan RM. Multiple-species resistance to avermectin anthelmintics on beef cattle farms in Georgia, USA","volume":"336","author":"Gianchini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabaret, J., and Nicourt, C. (2024). Farmers\u2019 and Experts\u2019 Knowledge Coping with Sheep Health, Control and Anthelmintic Resistance of Their Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040297"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"55","article-title":"Refugia-overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic","volume":"68","year":"2001","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Jouffroy, S. (2024). Resistance to Eprinomectin in Haemonchus Contortus: Diagnostic, Risk factors and Solutions for Dairy Sheep Farms in France. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Toulouse]."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1071\/AN09152","article-title":"Efficacy of combination anthelmintics against multiple resistant strains of sheep nematodes","volume":"50","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.050","article-title":"Modelling the benefits of a new class of anthelmintic in combination","volume":"186","author":"Leathwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05103-8","article-title":"Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses","volume":"14","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.05.005","article-title":"Adrian Lifschitz. A. Strategies to Optimize the Efficacy of Anthelmintic Drugs in Ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Lanusse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Cr\u00faz-Cr\u00faz, H.A., Higuera-Piedrahita, R.I., Zamilpa, A., Alcal\u00e1-Canto, Y., Ocampo-Guti\u00e9rrez, A.Y., Arango-de la Pava, L.D., L\u00f3pez-Arellano, M.E., Hernandez-Patlan, D., Cu\u00e9llar-Ordaz, J.A., and Mendoza-de Gives, P. (2025). Using an Aqueous Suspension of Duddingtonia flagrans Chlamydospores and a Hexane Extract of Artemisia cina as Sustainable Methods to Reduce the Fecal Egg Count and Larvae of Haemonchus contortus in the Feces of Periparturient Ewes. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020105"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:41:06Z","timestamp":1760035266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14090898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090898","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]}}}