{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:17:30Z","timestamp":1780431450737,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627005"]}]},{"name":"project of junior scientist promotion in Hokkaido University","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}]},{"name":"project of junior scientist promotion in Hokkaido University","award":["JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal rabies remains underreported in low-income countries, hindering effective control. This scoping review aimed to map reported animal rabies cases, identify key reservoir species, and assess gaps in surveillance coverage in mainland Tanzania from 1993 to 2023. Specifically, it addressed the distribution of cases, species involved, and the extent of surveillance coverage during this period. Literature searches in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were screened using Rayyan. Twenty articles published between 1993 and 2023 reported 7319 animal rabies cases across the Northern Zone (NZ), Southeastern Zone (SEZ), and Coastal Zone (CZ). In the NZ, domestic dogs accounted for most cases (5387), followed by jackals (225), cats (77), livestock (311), and various wildlife species including African wild dogs, bat-eared foxes, lions, cheetahs, and striped hyenas. Additionally, 102 cases involved unidentified animals. In SEZ, domestic dogs (588) were the primary source, followed by jackals (262), hyenas (8), cats (10), honey badgers (5), and leopards (2). In CZ, domestic dogs accounted for 94 cases. The findings confirm domestic dogs as the main rabies reservoir, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance and control. The role of wildlife in rabies maintenance and spillover remains poorly understood and warrants further investigation, especially in enzootic hotspots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T15:10:46Z","timestamp":1757603446000},"page":"919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rabies Surveillance in Mainland Tanzania: A Scoping Review of Animal Rabies Occurrences (1993\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel Kulwa","family":"Bunuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Keyyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha P.O. Box 661, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Maziku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH), Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 4302, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Bitanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3607-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Fyumagwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Initiative (WCI), Arusha P.O. Box 16020, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2182-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katendi","family":"Changula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mubemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Ndola 50100, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-0816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Chitanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 13301, Namibia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel Bulamu","family":"Ekiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1343516","article-title":"Rabies\u2014Epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hikufe, E.H., Freuling, C.M., Athingo, R., Shilongo, A., Ndevaetela, E.-E., Helao, M., Shiindi, M., Hassel, R., Bishi, A., and Khaiseb, S. (2019). Ecology and epidemiology of rabies in humans, domestic animals and wildlife in Namibia, 2011\u20132017. PLoS Negl. Trop. 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