{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T23:25:27Z","timestamp":1782948327860,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica-DGAPA-UNAM","award":["IV200425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IV200425"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most common cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The inflammatory response initiated by pathogens, environmental and dietary factors, and inflammatory bowel diseases can promote the formation of colorectal tumors. The hygiene hypothesis proposes an inverse link between inflammatory diseases and early childhood exposure to pathogens, with a significant negative correlation between chronic inflammatory diseases and helminth infections. On the other hand, it is also known that several pathogens may influence or even cause the development of cancer, including helminth infections. How do helminth infections influence CRC outcomes? The existing literature presents two different perspectives. Experimental studies in CRC models suggest that helminths may accelerate disease progression and lead to worse outcomes (such as Schistosoma and Trichuris sp.), while others indicate that helminths could help reduce tumor burden (such as Taenia sp.). This review focuses on helminths\u2019 pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects and their derivatives, specifically in CRC. We provide a comprehensive understanding of how helminths impact the macroscopic, histopathological, immunological, and molecular aspects of CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T13:04:44Z","timestamp":1758546284000},"page":"949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Helminths on Colorectal Cancer: From Infections to the Isolation of Biotherapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuauht\u00e9moc \u00c1ngel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Barrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen V.","family":"Fernandez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 2508, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica G.","family":"Mendoza-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda T.","family":"Ortiz-Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazm\u00edn A.","family":"Carrillo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis I.","family":"Terrazas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748211056692","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748211056692","article-title":"Risk Factors for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Goosenberg, E., Kaur, A., and Babiker, H.M. (2025). A Review of Hereditary Colorectal Cancers, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0249","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0249","article-title":"The Largest Chinese Cohort Study Indicates Homologous Recombination Pathway Gene Mutations as Another Major Genetic Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer with Heterogeneous Clinical Phenotypes","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3967","article-title":"The Consensus Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Guinney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: The next Generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103269","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer Risk in Ulcerative Colitis: An Updated Population-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobhani, I., Bergsten, E., Charpy, C., Chamaillard, M., and Mestivier, D. (2021). Virulent Bacteria as Inflammatory and Immune Co-Factor in Colon Carcinogenesis: Evidence from Two Monozygotic Patients and Validation in CRC Patient and Healthy Cohorts. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.749750"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4844","article-title":"Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women","volume":"4","author":"Tabung","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00534-x","article-title":"The Inflammatory Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Revs. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"341","article-title":"Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Color. Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S61528","article-title":"The Hygiene Hypothesis: Current Perspectives and Future Therapies","volume":"4","author":"Stiemsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briggs, N., Weatherhead, J., Sastry, K.J., and Hotez, P.J. (2016). The Hygiene Hypothesis and Its Inconvenient Truths about Helminth Infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004944"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2025, June 08). IARC List of Classifications\u2014IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/list-of-classifications."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Helminths: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000086017","article-title":"Excretory\u2013Secretory Products of Helminth Parasites: Effects on Host Immune Responses","volume":"96","author":"Lightowlers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00531-w","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Immunity in Helminth Infections","volume":"15","author":"Vacca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"168","article-title":"Therapeutic Applicability of Helminths in Autoimmune Diseases\u2014Literature Overview","volume":"14","author":"Zwiernik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callejas, B.E., Mart\u00ednez-Saucedo, D., and Terrazas, L.I. (2018). Parasites as Negative Regulators of Cancer. Biosci. Rep., 38.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180935"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastille, E., Frede, A., McSorley, H.J., Gr\u00e4b, J., Adamczyk, A., Kollenda, S., Hansen, W., Epple, M., Buer, J., and Maizels, R.M. (2017). Intestinal Helminth Infection Drives Carcinogenesis in Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006649"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2016.09.007","article-title":"Ascending Colon Cancer Associated with Deposited Ova of Schistosoma Japonicum in Non-Endemic Area","volume":"6","author":"Nakatani","year":"2016","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01331-4","article-title":"Sigmoid Colon Cancer Due to Schistosomiasis","volume":"47","author":"Eder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"250","article-title":"Expression of Vascular Growth Factors in Intestinal Tissues in Colorectal Carcinoma Patients with Schistosomiasis Japonica","volume":"25","author":"Ruan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.3.1125","article-title":"Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and L-Fucose as Indispensable Participants in Schistosomiasis-Associated Colonic Dysplasia","volume":"15","author":"Soliman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13317","article-title":"Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Schistosomal Colorectal Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-020-01925-5","article-title":"Comparison of Non-Schistosomal Colorectal Cancer and Schistosomal Colorectal Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0023","article-title":"Syphacia Muris Infection in Rats Attenuates Colorectal Carcinogenesis through Oxidative Stress and Gene Expression Alterations. Implications for Modulatory Effects by Bryostatin-1","volume":"63","author":"Salim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, K.S., Cliffe, L.J., Bancroft, A.J., Forman, S.P., Thompson, S., Booth, C., and Grencis, R.K. (2017). Chronic Trichuris Muris Infection Causes Neoplastic Change in the Intestine and Exacerbates Tumour Formation in APC Min\/+ Mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005708"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"156","article-title":"Effects of the Excretory\/Secretory Products of Six Nematode Species, Parasites of the Digestive Tract, on the Proliferation of HT29-D4 and HGT-1 Cell Lines","volume":"4","author":"Huby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epithelial Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"87","article-title":"Stimulation of HT29-D4 Cell Growth by Excretory\/Secretory Products of the Parasite Nematode Trichostrongylus Colubriformis","volume":"2","author":"Hoste","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epithelial Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Du, X., Tang, L., Wu, J., Zhao, W., Guo, X., Liu, D., Hu, W., Helmby, H., and Chen, G. (2020). Schistosoma Japonicum SjE16.7 Protein Promotes Tumor Development via the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE). Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01767"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.9033","article-title":"Extraintestinal Helminth Infection Reduces the Development of Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis","volume":"10","author":"Callejas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.41.2.005","article-title":"Preliminary Studies on the Effect of Excretory-Secretory (ES) Ascaris Lumbricoides Antigens on Colorectal Cell Line Viability","volume":"41","author":"Nisha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108501","article-title":"Inhibition of Mouse Colon Cancer Growth Following Immunotherapy with a Fraction of Hydatid Cyst Fluid","volume":"249","author":"Rostamirad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230176","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/230176","article-title":"Anti-tumor Activity of Human Hydatid Cyst Fluid in a Murine Model of Colon Cancer","volume":"2013","author":"Berriel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-023-00394-1","article-title":"In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Hydatid Cyst Fluid on Colon Cancer Cell Line (C26)","volume":"24","author":"Motavallihaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, B.A., Prince, S., and Smith, K.A. (2020). Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217845"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-018-0609-6","article-title":"Immuno-Therapeutic Potential of Schistosoma Mansoni and Trichinella Spiralis Antigens in a Murine Model of Colon Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Eissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32626","article-title":"Helminth-derived Molecules Inhibit Colitis-associated Colon Cancer Development through NF-\u03baB and STAT3 Regulation","volume":"145","author":"Callejas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza-Rodr\u00edguez, M.G., Medina-Reyes, D., S\u00e1nchez-Barrera, C.A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mu\u00f1oz, K.V., Gar-c\u00eda-Castillo, V., Ledesma-Torres, J.L., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.I., Reyes, J.L., P\u00e9rez-Plascencia, C., and Rodr\u00edguez-Sosa, M. (2024). Helminth-Derived Molecules Improve 5-Fluorouracil Treatment on Experimental Colon Tumorigenesis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116628"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0407","article-title":"RNAPc2 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer in Mice through Tissue Factor","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2025, September 08). Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections-World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hataminejad, M., Basirpour, B., Baharlou, M., Gholami Koohestan, M., Ziaei Hezarjaribi, H., Rahimi Esboei, B., Gholami, S., Hosseini, S.A., and Saberi, R. (2025). Global Prevalence and Correlation of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04144-y"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1785","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), VEGF Receptors and Their Inhibitors for Antiangiogenic Tumor Therapy","volume":"34","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11780","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011780","article-title":"Increased Serum Pentraxin-3 Level Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer after Curative Surgery, a Cohort Study","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"100224","article-title":"The Relationship of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels in Plasma toward the Stage and Differentiation Degree in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Warsinggih","year":"2021","journal-title":"MCP"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2012.02.004","article-title":"The Expression of INOS and Nitrotyrosine in Colitis and Colon Cancer in Humans","volume":"114","author":"Gochman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.01.001","article-title":"IL-6 and STAT3 Are Required for Survival of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Development of Colitis Associated Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuo, C., Wu, X., Li, J., Hu, D., Jian, J., Chen, C., Zheng, X., and Yang, C. (2018). Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1 Is Associated with Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Biosci. Rep., 38.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180580"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Menon, G., and Kasi, A. (2025). Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-019-02883-6","article-title":"The Application of ApcMin\/+ Mouse Model in Colorectal Tumor Research","volume":"145","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698931","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5698931","article-title":"Does the Interdependence between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Explain the Antioxidant Paradox?","volume":"2016","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3163-5-14","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: Role in the Development of Cancer and Various Chronic Conditions","volume":"5","author":"Waris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00766-x","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Development and Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0364","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0364","article-title":"Orally Administrated Hydrogel Harnessing Intratumoral Microbiome and Microbiota-Related Immune Responses for Potentiated Colorectal Cancer Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496447","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2496447","article-title":"Helminth Reshapes Host Gut Microbiota and Immunoregulation by Deploying an Antimicrobial Program of Innate Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0008-5","article-title":"The Impact of a Helminth-Modified Microbiome on Host Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Brosschot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3229","article-title":"Helminth Infection Promotes Colonization Resistance via Type 2 Immunity","volume":"352","author":"Ramanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floudas, A., Aviello, G., Schwartz, C., Jeffery, I.B., O\u2019Toole, P.W., and Fallon, P.G. (2019). Schistosoma Mansoni Worm Infection Regulates the Intestinal Microbiota and Susceptibility to Colitis. Infect. Immun., 87.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00275-19"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1688065","article-title":"Worm Expulsion Is Independent of Alterations in Composition of the Colonic Bacteria That Occur during Experimental Hymenolepis Diminuta-Infection in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Shute","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shute, A., Callejas, B.E., Li, S.H., Wang, A., Jayme, T.S., Ohland, C., Lewis, I.A., Layden, B.T., Buret, A.G., and McKay, D.M. (2021). Cooperation between Host Immunity and the Gut Bacteria Is Essential for Helminth-Evoked Suppression of Colitis. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01146-2"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f3n, A.N., Espinoza-Jim\u00e9nez, A., and Terrazas, L.I. (2013). Immunoregulation by Taenia Crassiceps and Its Antigens. Biomed. Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/498583"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103337","article-title":"The Relationship between \u03b2-Catenin and Patient Survival in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"163","author":"Matly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106172","article-title":"Excretory-Secretory Product of Trichinella Spiralis Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth by Regulating the Immune Response and Inducing Apoptosis","volume":"225","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledesma-Soto, Y., Callejas, B.E., Terrazas, C.A., Reyes, J.L., Espinoza-Jim\u00e9nez, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.I., Le\u00f3n-Cabrera, S., Morales, R., Olgu\u00edn, J.E., and Saavedra, R. (2015). Extraintestinal Helminth Infection Limits Pathology and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression during DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis: A Role for Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Prostaglandins. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/563425"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, Z., Liu, S., and He, X. (2024). Critical and Diverse Role of Alarmin Cytokines in Parasitic Infections. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1418500"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Carrilho, F.J., Chieffi, P.P., Da Silva, L.C., Bresson-Hadni, S., Mantion, G.A., Miguet, J.P., Vuitton, D.A., Ferreira, M.S., and Strauss, E. (2023). Helminthiasis. Textbook of Hepatology: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice, Wiley. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2023.00059","article-title":"Helminths in Alternative Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"23","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00040-8","article-title":"The Anti-Tumor Activity of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in Bladder Cancer Is Associated with an Increase in the Cir-culating Level of Interleukin-2","volume":"81","author":"Magno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeshi, K., Ruscher, R., Loukas, A., and Wangchuk, P. (2022). Immunomodulatory and Biological Properties of Helminth-Derived Small Molecules: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Front. Parasitol., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2022.984152"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneshpour, S., Bahadoran, M., Hejazi, S.H., Eskandarian, A.A., Mahmoudzadeh, M., and Darani, H.Y. (2016). Common Antigens between Hydatid Cyst and Cancers. Adv. Biomed. Res., 5.","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.175242"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-6-24","article-title":"The Regulation of Cyclin D1 Degradation: Roles in Cancer Development and the Potential for Therapeutic Invention","volume":"6","author":"Alao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-13-0644","article-title":"A Protein Interaction between \u03b2-Catenin and Dnmt1 Regulates Wnt Signaling and DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-013-1476-9","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Neutrophils (TAN) Develop pro-Tumorigenic Properties during Tumor Progression","volume":"62","author":"Mishalian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"145","article-title":"A Dual Role for Neutrophils and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Development of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i2.251","article-title":"Is the Combination of Immunotherapy with Conventional Chemotherapy the Key to Increase the Efficacy of Colorectal Cancer Treatment?","volume":"15","author":"Olguin","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.214","article-title":"Stem vs Non-Stem Cell Origin of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"113","author":"Huels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01801-y","article-title":"Non-stem cell lineages as an alternative origin of intestinal tumorigenesis in the context of inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Verhagen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.03.012","article-title":"Dangerous Liaisons: How Helminths Manipulate the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"39","author":"Gregorieff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-228932","article-title":"Helminth Excreted\/Secreted Products Are Recognized by Multiple Receptors on DCs to Block the TLR Response and Bias Th2 Polarization in a CRAF Dependent Pathway","volume":"27","author":"Terrazas","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tundup, S., Srivastava, L., Norberg, T., Watford, W., and Harn, D. (2015). A Neoglycoconjugate Containing the Human Milk Sugar LNFPIII Drives Anti-Inflammatory Activation of Antigen Presenting Cells in a CD14 Dependent Pathway. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137495"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0314-1","article-title":"Glycomolecules in Echinococcus Granulosus Cyst Fluid Inhibit TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Responses via c-Raf","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.02.021","article-title":"Proteomic Characterisation of Echinococcus Granulosus Hydatid Cyst Fluid from Sheep, Cattle and Humans","volume":"74","author":"Aziz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Xu, F., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Yang, Y., Liu, M., and Bai, X. (2022). Extracellular Vesicles from Trichinella Spiralis: Proteomic Analysis and Protective Immunity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010528"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, L., D\u00edaz-Zaragoza, M., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Navarro, L., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1vila, R., Encarnaci\u00f3n-Guevara, S., Ostoa-Saloma, P., and Landa, A. (2023). Differential Protein Expression of Taenia Crassiceps ORF Strain in the Murine Cysticercosis Model Using Resistant (C57BL\/6) Mice. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050678"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105696","article-title":"Protein Expression Profile of Taenia crassiceps Cysticerci Related to Th1- and Th2-Type Responses in the Mouse Cysticercosis Model","volume":"212","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01224.x","article-title":"Recombinant Nematode Anticoagulant Protein C2 and Other Inhibitors Targeting Blood Coagulation Factor VIIa\/Tissue Factor","volume":"254","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.250","article-title":"Tissue Factor Expression in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"41","author":"Algaze","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106958","article-title":"Mouse Models in Colon Cancer, Inferences, and Implications","volume":"26","author":"Kucherlapati","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12175","article-title":"Clinical Trials of Helminth Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases: Rationale and Findings","volume":"37","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:46:29Z","timestamp":1760035589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/9\/949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14090949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090949","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]}}}