{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:06:25Z","timestamp":1791511585986,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis commonly caused in Brazil by the parasite Leishmania infantum. This protozoan parasite can infect several species of mammals, with dogs being the main reservoir in urban areas. Several methods are used to prevent the disease, including collars impregnated with 4% deltamethrin to prevent contact between the sandfly and the animal, and vaccines. Vaccines aim to stimulate an immune response that can effectively fight the parasite, with the Th1 immune response being the most desired. There are several research groups around the world dedicated to testing new immunogens against Leishmania spp. and there are currently two commercially available vaccines used to prevent the disease, Neoleish\u00ae and Leti-Fend\u00ae. Leish-Tec\u00ae, a vaccine previously licensed for use in dogs in Brazil, was suspended in May 2023 due to non-compliance in some batches. This also happened with CaniLeish\u00ae, which was discontinued by the European Commission in October 2023. These vaccines have different characteristics that influence their use as a public health measure, and therefore the objective of this review is to describe these immunogens, their characteristics, and their use as a collective prevention measure for canine visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14100970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:48:28Z","timestamp":1758804508000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Overview of Commercial Vaccines Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current Landscape and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1813-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiane Aparecida","family":"Martiniano de P\u00e1dua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 567, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4075-5662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNESP), St. Prof. Doutor Walter Maur\u00edcio Correa, P.O. Box 560, Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Freire Ferreira","family":"de Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuane Ferreira","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Lacerda","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4614-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Grossi de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Tropical Medicine and Infectology, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Toshio","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Tropical Medicine and Infectology, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly Moura","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Pampulha Campus, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 567, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1uls, A.L., Hide, M., and Prugnolle, F. (2007). Leishmania and the leishmaniases: A parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv. Parasitol., 64.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64001-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.006","article-title":"Leishmania infantum","volume":"36","author":"Serafim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2020-0011","article-title":"Seroprevalence, Clinical, and Pathological Characteristics of Canine Leishmaniasis in a Central Region of Colombia","volume":"64","author":"Almario","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Travi, B.L., Cordeiro-da-Silva, A., Dantas-Torres, F., and Mir\u00f3, G. (2018). Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006082"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gizzarelli, M., Foglia Manzillo, V., Inglese, A., Montagnaro, S., and Oliva, G. (2023). Retrospective Long-Term Evaluation of Miltefosine-Allopurinol Treatment in Canine Leishmaniosis. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070864"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.009","article-title":"Evaluation of miltefosine for the treatment of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum (=L. chagasi) in Brazil","volume":"181","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170377","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170377","article-title":"Effectiveness of dog collars impregnated with 4% deltamethrin in controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidade: Phlebotominae) populations","volume":"113","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.05.002","article-title":"Making an anti-amastigote vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: Rational, update and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.046","article-title":"Comparison of two commercial vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis in dogs from endemic areas: IgG, and subclasses, parasitism, and parasite transmission by xenodiagnosis","volume":"32","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.05.095","article-title":"Protective immunity against challenge with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in beagle dogs vaccinated with recombinant A2 protein","volume":"26","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02286.x","article-title":"Characterization of the A2-A2rel gene cluster in Leishmania donovani: Involvement of A2 in visceralization during infection","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7305-9_3","article-title":"A2 and other visceralizing proteins of Leishmania: Role in pathogenesis and application for vaccine development","volume":"74","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.4.5.530-535.1997","article-title":"Antibody response against a Leishmania donovani amastigote-stage-specific protein in patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Ghedin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07229.x","article-title":"Localization and induction of the A2 virulence factor in Leishmania: Evidence that A2 is a stress response protein","volume":"77","author":"McCall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00322-X","article-title":"Immunization with A2 protein results in a mixed Th1\/Th2 and a humoral response which protects mice against Leishmania donovani infections","volume":"20","author":"Ghosh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, J. (2019). Assessment of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00168"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguiar-Soares, R.D.O., Roatt, B.M., Mathias, F.A.S., Reis, L.E.S., Cardoso, J.M.O., Brito, R.C.F., Ker, H.G., Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira, R., Giunchetti, R.C., and Reis, A.B. (2020). Phase I and II Clinical Trial Comparing the LBSap, Leishmune\u00ae, and Leish-Tec\u00ae Vaccines against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040690"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura e Pecu\u00e1ria (2025, January 15). Mapa Suspende Fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o e Venda e Determina o Recolhimento de Lotes de Vacina Contra Leishmaniose, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/agricultura\/pt-br\/assuntos\/noticias\/mapa-suspende-fabricacao-e-venda-e-determina-o-recolhimento-de-lotes-de-vacina-contra-leishmaniose-apos-fiscalizacao."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"CEVA (2025, January 15). Recolhimento Leish-Tec. Available online: https:\/\/www.ceva.com.br\/Noticias\/Ceva-no-Brasil\/RECOLHIMENTO-LEISH-TEC."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"CRMV-SC (2025, January 15). Ceva Brasil Publica Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o Sobre a Vacina Leish-Tec\u00ae, Available online: https:\/\/www.crmvsc.gov.br\/pesquisa_abre.aspx?id=8421."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390600698197","article-title":"Saponins: Properties, applications and processing","volume":"47","author":"Mazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.044","article-title":"Where does the toxicity come from in saponin extract?","volume":"204","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.091","article-title":"Advances in saponin-based adjuvants","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimaldi, G., Teva, A., Dos-Santos, C.B., Santos, F.N., Pinto, I.D., Fux, B., Leite, G.R., and Falqueto, A. (2017). Field trial of efficacy of the Leish-tec\u00ae vaccine against canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in an endemic area with high transmission rates. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185438"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.019","article-title":"Field randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of the Leish-Tec\u00ae vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Feres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.04.025","article-title":"Antibody responses induced by Leish-Tec\u00ae, an A2-based vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis, in a heterogeneous canine population","volume":"204","author":"Testasicca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160846","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20160846","article-title":"Can vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis interfere with the serological diagnostics recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health?","volume":"47","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105259","article-title":"The impact of canine leishmaniosis vaccination with Canileish\u00ae in Leishmania infantum infection seroprevalence studies","volume":"202","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.08.087","article-title":"Randomized, controlled, double-blinded field trial to assess Leishmania vaccine effectiveness as immunotherapy for canine leishmaniosis","volume":"36","author":"Toepp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0888","article-title":"Safety Analysis of Leishmania Vaccine Used in a Randomized Canine Vaccine\/Immunotherapy Trial","volume":"98","author":"Toepp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lemesre, J.-L. (1994). Method for the Culture In Vitro of Differents Stages of Tissue Parasites. (EP0698099B1), European Patent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, J., Vouldoukis, I., Martin, V., McGahie, D., Cuisinier, A.M., and Gueguen, S. (2012). Use of a LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish) stimulates an appropriate Th1-dominated cell-mediated immune response in dogs. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001683"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.061","article-title":"Protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis infection in dogs immunized with purified excreted secreted antigens of Leishmania infantum promastigotes","volume":"23","author":"Lemesre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.02.083","article-title":"Long-lasting protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis using the LiESAp-MDP vaccine in endemic areas of France: Double-blind randomised efficacy field trial","volume":"25","author":"Lemesre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.309","article-title":"Effective humoral and cellular immunoprotective responses in Li ESAp-MDP vaccinated protected dogs","volume":"128","author":"Bourdoiseau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.01.011","article-title":"Primary vaccination with the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish) produces a cell-mediated immune response which is still present 1 year later","volume":"158","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-69","article-title":"The protective immune response produced in dogs after primary vaccination with the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine (CaniLeish\u00ae) remains effective against an experimental challenge one year later","volume":"45","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliva, G., Nieto, J., Foglia Manzillo, V., Cappiello, S., Fiorentino, E., Di Muccio, T., Scalone, A., Moreno, J., Chicharro, C., and Carrillo, E. (2014). A randomised, double-blind, controlled efficacy trial of the LiESP\/QA-21 vaccine in na\u00efve dogs exposed to two Leishmania infantum transmission seasons. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003213"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07091-1","article-title":"Antibodies elicited by the CaniLeish\u00ae vaccine: Long-term clinical follow-up study of dogs in Spain","volume":"120","author":"Montoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.05.008","article-title":"Vaccination with LiESP\/QA-21 (CaniLeish\u00ae) reduces the intensity of infection in Phlebotomus perniciosus fed on Leishmania infantum infected dogs\u2013A preliminary xenodiagnosis study","volume":"197","author":"Bongiorno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brianti, E., Napoli, E., Gaglio, G., Falsone, L., Giannetto, S., Solari Basano, F., Nazzari, R., Latrofa, M.S., Annoscia, G., and Tarallo, V.D. (2016). Field Evaluation of Two Different Treatment Approaches and Their Ability to Control Fleas and Prevent Canine Leishmaniosis in a Highly Endemic Area. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004987"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"European Commission (2023). Assessment of the CaniLeish\u00ae Vaccine and Its Market Authorization Withdrawal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12413","article-title":"Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13382","article-title":"Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: A review of available data on their safety and efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.111","article-title":"A large-scale field randomized trial demonstrates safety and efficacy of the vaccine LetiFend\u00ae against canine leishmaniosis","volume":"36","author":"Iniesta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.58-63.1998","article-title":"Multicomponent chimeric antigen for serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"36","author":"Soto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00315-X","article-title":"A Leishmania infantum multi-component antigenic protein mixed with live BCG confers protection to dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum","volume":"92","author":"Molano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.043","article-title":"Vaccination of dogs with six different candidate leishmaniasis vaccines composed of a chimerical recombinant protein containing ribosomal and histone protein epitopes in combination with different adjuvants","volume":"27","author":"Poot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.069","article-title":"The chimerical multi-component Q protein from Leishmania in the absence of adjuvant protects dogs against an experimental Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"27","author":"Iniesta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00711.x","article-title":"Adjuvant guided polarization of the immune humoral response against a protective multicomponent antigenic protein (Q) from Leishmania infantum. A CpG + Q mix protects Balb\/c mice from infection","volume":"26","author":"Parody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.078","article-title":"Vaccination with LetiFend\u00ae reduces circulating immune complexes in dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum","volume":"38","author":"Parody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Iniesta, V., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cotrina, J., Solano-Gallego, L., Monroy, I., G\u00f3mez-Luque, A., Mu\u00f1oz-Madrid, R., Barneto, J.L., G\u00f3mez-Nieto, L.C., Fabra, M., and Balsa, D. (2016, January 20\u201322). Vaccination with LetiFend\u00ae, A Novel Canine Leishmaniosis Vaccine, Does Not Interfere With Serological Diagnostic Tests. Proceedings of the X Southern European Veterinary Conference, 51\u00b0 Congreso Nacional Avepa, Granada, Spain."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, A., Alcolea, P.J., Larraga, J., Peris, M.P., Esteban, A., Cort\u00e9s, A., Ruiz-Garc\u00eda, S., Castillo, J.A., and Larraga, V. (2023). A non-replicative antibiotic resistance-free DNA vaccine delivered by the intranasal route protects against canine leishmaniasis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1213193"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00122.x","article-title":"Molecular cloning, cell localization and binding affinity to DNA replication proteins of the p36\/LACK protective antigen from Leishmania infantum","volume":"259","author":"Taladriz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.7.1137","article-title":"Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with Leishmania major","volume":"186","author":"Gurunathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4521-4527.2004","article-title":"Intranasal vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis with a particulated leishmanial antigen or DNA encoding LACK","volume":"72","author":"Pinto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.060","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of naked DNA encoding the LACK antigen leads to protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis in mice","volume":"25","author":"Gomes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00032-X","article-title":"Protection in dogs against visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is achieved by immunization with a heterologous prime-boost regime using DNA and vaccinia recombinant vectors expressing LACK","volume":"21","author":"Ramiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2024). Assessment Report for NeoLeish Vaccine (VRA0001G), European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.01.022","article-title":"Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America","volume":"123","author":"Marcondes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105104","article-title":"Effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated collars for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"182","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70006","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70006","article-title":"How Effective Are the Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Vaccines Currently Being Tested in Dogs? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Melo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/10\/970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:49:29Z","timestamp":1760035769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/10\/970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14100970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14100970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}}}