{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:01:11Z","timestamp":1759334471920,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the spring of 2023, a disease outbreak occurred in Lake Taihu in China, which caused a large number of deaths of H. nobilis. In order to investigate the cause of morbidity and mortality of the H. nobilis, the diseased fish were collected for histopathological and etiological studies. Histopathological observation revealed that substantial inflammatory cell infiltration was observed around skin lesion in diseased fish, extensive degeneration and necrosis were observed in the hepatic parenchymal cells, the spleen exhibited congestion, and the kidney showed congestion. A bacterial strain, C1, isolated from diseased H. nobilis was identified as Iodobacter fluviatilis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical phenotypic characterization. Experimental infection of the fish via intramuscular injection induced a localized abscess in a subset of fish. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the isolate was susceptible to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones and amphenicols, but resistant to sulfonamides commonly used in aquaculture. Here, we describe an association between I. fluviatilis and skin lesions in H. nobilis. Furthermore, we report the biochemical characteristics and drug resistance profile of the isolated bacteria. These findings also facilitate further investigations into the role of I. fluviatilis associated with skin diseases of H. nobilis and other freshwater fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14100978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T14:50:38Z","timestamp":1758898238000},"page":"978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iodobacter fluviatilis, a New Potential Opportunistic Pathogen Associated with Skin Lesions, First Report in Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liushen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongpo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0402-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingwen","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Wang, D., and Wu, X. (2023). China Fishery Statistical Yearbook, China Agriculture Press Co., Ltd.. (In Chinese).","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.12590","article-title":"Food preference of paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792), in polyculture with bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) in non-fed ponds","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-010-9440-3","article-title":"Eutrophication of Lake Waters in China: Cost, Causes, and Control","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118728","article-title":"Anthropogenic eutrophication of shallow lakes: Is it occasional?","volume":"221","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.01.049","article-title":"In situ study on the control of toxic Microcystis blooms using phytoplanktivorous fish in the subtropical Lake Taihu of China: A large fish pen experiment","volume":"265","author":"Ke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/02705060.2009.9664274","article-title":"Food Consumption by In Situ Pen-Cultured Planktivorous Fishes and Effects on an Algal Bloom in Lake Taihu, China","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Freshw. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.08.015","article-title":"In situ studies on the distribution patterns and dynamics of microcystins in a biomanipulation fish\u2014Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)","volume":"147","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12375","article-title":"A non-classical biomanipulation experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu: Control of Microcystis blooms using silver and bighead carp","volume":"46","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00308-2","article-title":"Seasonal population dynamics of parasitic copepods, Sinergasilus spp. on farmed fish in China","volume":"187","author":"Nie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3354\/dao048237","article-title":"Mortalities induced by the copepod Sinergasilus polycolpus in farmed silver and bighead carp in a reservoir","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3354\/dao058265","article-title":"Sinergasilus polycolpus, a new copepod species in the ichthyoparasitofauna of Serbia and Montenegro","volume":"58","author":"Cakic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.52.2004.1.6","article-title":"Occurrence and pathology of Sinergasilus lieni (Copepoda: Ergasilidae), a parasite of the silver carp and bighead, in Hungarian ponds","volume":"52","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-018-0254-2","article-title":"Streptococcus agalactiae from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) transmitted to a new host, bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), in China","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Cheng, H., Li, W., Li, M., Zou, H., and Wang, G. (2023). Limnotrachelobdella hypophthalmichthysa n. sp. (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) on Gills of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in China. Pathogens, 12.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040562"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"85","article-title":"Studies on the \u201cstigmatosis\u201d of Sliver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis)","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"1980","journal-title":"Oceanol. Limnol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"17","article-title":"Study on the hemolytic ascites disease of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Zhanjiang Ocean Univ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"455","article-title":"Biological Characteristics and Phylogenetic Analysis of Aeromonas Caviae Isolated from Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Agr. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"229","article-title":"Isolation, identification and virulence genes detection of Aeromonas veronii from Aristichthys nobilis","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agr. Univ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"33","article-title":"A preliminary study on the \u201cputrid-skin\u201d disease in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis and Its prevention and cure","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Fisheries China"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"620","article-title":"An outbreak of a new epizootic in Silver carp and Bighead carp\u2014Yersinia-Ruckeri, a new pathogen of Silver Carp and Bighead Carp","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"84","article-title":"Isolation identification and phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia Ruckeri from Sliver Carp and Bighead Carp","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Jiangsu Ocean Univ. (Nat. Sci. Edit.)"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.04.011","article-title":"Morphological, histological and molecular characterization of three Myxobolus species (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) from silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes and bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Richardson in China","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8869167","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8869167","article-title":"A Study on Bacterial Etiology and Histopathology Associated with Hemorrhagic Disease in American Shad Alosa sapidissima","volume":"2024","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"unstructured":"Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., and Manuselis, G. (2015). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, Elsevier. [5th ed.].","key":"ref_24"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.044776-0","article-title":"Iodobacter arcticus sp, nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from meltwater stream sediment of an Arctic glacier","volume":"63","author":"Srinivas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-39-4-450","article-title":"Numerical Taxonomy of Violet-Pigmented, Gram-Negative Bacteria and Description of Iodobacter fluviatile gen. nov. comb. nov","volume":"39","author":"Logan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003583","article-title":"Iodobacter ciconiae sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from feces of oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.039982-0","article-title":"Iodobacter limnosediminis sp, nov., isolated from Arctic lake sediment","volume":"63","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner, D.J., Krieg, N.R., and Staley, J.T. (2005). Bergey\u2019s Manual\u00ae of Systematic Bacteriology, Springer. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_30","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28021-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, A.N., Yadav, N., Kour, D., Kumar, A., Yadav, K., Kumar, A., Rastegari, A.A., Sachan, S.G., Singh, B., and Chauhan, V.S. (2019). Bacterial community composition in lakes. Freshwater Microbiology, Academic Press.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817495-1.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13490","article-title":"Genetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of Iodobacter limnosediminis associated with skin lesions in freshwater fish","volume":"44","author":"Heinikainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"483","article-title":"A Review-Bacterial pathogens of fish","volume":"58","author":"Austin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"unstructured":"Austin, B., and Austin, D.A. (2007). Bacterial Fish Pathogens, Springer. [4th ed.].","key":"ref_34"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.01.024","article-title":"Does heavy oil pollution induce bacterial diseases in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus?","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140366","article-title":"The role of marine pollution on the emergence of fish bacterial diseases","volume":"344","author":"Elgendy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/dao076039","article-title":"Susceptibility of zebra fish Danio rerio to infection by Flavobacterium columnare and F. johnsoniae","volume":"76","author":"Moyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03435","article-title":"Effects of skin abrasion in immersion challenge with Vibrio harveyi in Asian seabass Lates calcarifer fingerlings","volume":"137","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12835","article-title":"Gill disorders in fish: Lessons from poxvirus infections","volume":"16","author":"Zawisza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.0067","article-title":"Winter Stress Syndrome: An Important Consideration for Hazard Assessment of Aquatic Pollutants","volume":"34","author":"Lemly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"33","article-title":"Environmental effects on fish immune mechanisms","volume":"90","author":"Bly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172952","article-title":"Micro-and nano-plastics induce kidney damage and suppression of innate immune function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae","volume":"931","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.09.011","article-title":"In vitro immunotoxicological effects of heavy metals on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) head-kidney leucocytes","volume":"47","author":"Morcillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.06.003","article-title":"Exposure to sublethal concentration of glyphosate or atrazine-based herbicides alters the phagocytic function and increases the susceptibility of silver catfish fingerlings (Rhamdia quelen) to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge","volume":"29","author":"Kreutz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.02.001","article-title":"Neutrophils exert protection in early Aeromonas veronii infections through the clearance of both bacteria and dying macrophages","volume":"63","author":"Havixbeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoa, R.B.G., Oliveira, W.F.d., Correia, M.T.d.S., Fontes, A., and Coelho, L.C.B.B. (2022). Aeromonas and Human Health Disorders: Clinical Approaches. Front. Microbiol., 13.","key":"ref_46","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868890"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.08.001","article-title":"Neuroendocrine mechanisms for immune system regulation during stress in fish","volume":"40","author":"Nardocci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-022-00113-8","article-title":"Genotype to ecotype in niche environments: Adaptation of Arthrobacter to carbon availability and environmental conditions","volume":"2","author":"Lui","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1421886","article-title":"Adaptation of adherent-invasive E. coli to gut environment: Impact on flagellum expression and bacterial colonization ability","volume":"11","author":"Sevrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki303","article-title":"Simple method to determine \u03b2-lactam resistance phenotypes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the disc agar diffusion test","volume":"56","author":"Vedel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02532-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02532-17","article-title":"In Vitro Susceptibility of Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variants to \u03b2-Lactam and Non-\u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics","volume":"62","author":"Idelevich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00623-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00623-20","article-title":"Novel Aminoglycoside-Tolerant Phoenix Colony Variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"64","author":"Sindeldecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lories, B., Belpaire, T.E.R., Yssel, A., Ramon, H., and Steenackers, H.P. (2020). Agaric acid reduces Salmonella biofilm formation by inhibiting flagellar motility. Biofilm, 2.","key":"ref_53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2020.100022"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Li, X., Zhang, M., Xue, X., Zhang, T., Sun, H., Xiong, S., Lu, R., Zhang, Y., and Zhou, M. (2023). The phase variation between wrinkly and smooth colony phenotype affects the virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Arch. Microbiol., 205.","key":"ref_54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03719-1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.06.002","article-title":"Coral Disease Causes, Consequences, and Risk within Coral Restoration","volume":"28","author":"Moriarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.01.028","article-title":"A bacterial endosymbiont of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus drives phagocyte evasion and opportunistic virulence","volume":"32","author":"Itabangi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109625","article-title":"Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish","volume":"150","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/10\/978\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T16:46:34Z","timestamp":1759250794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/10\/978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14100978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14100978","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}