{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:30:05Z","timestamp":1760056205989,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FY2023 JSPS Invitation Fellowships for Research in Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic retrovirus of the genus Deltaretrovirus, causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most prevalent neoplastic disease in cattle and a major source of economic loss. While BLV prevalence has been studied in commercial breeds, data on native Latin American cattle remain limited. This study assessed BLV infection and proviral load in 244 animals from six native breeds: Argentine Creole (CrAr), Patagonian Argentine Creole (CrArPat), Pampa Chaque\u00f1o Creole (CrPaCh), Bolivian Creole from Cochabamba (CrCoch), Saavedre\u00f1o Creole (CrSaa), and Siboney (Sib), sampled across Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Cuba. BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2 assay detected BLV provirus in 76 animals (31.1%), with a mean load of 9923 copies per 105 cells (range: 1\u201379,740). Infection rates varied significantly by breed (9.8% in CrAr to 83.8% in CrPaCh) and country (15.6% in Argentina to 83.8% in Paraguay) (p = 9.999 \u00d7 10\u22125). Among positives, 57.9% exhibited low proviral load (\u22641000 copies), and 13.2% showed moderate levels (1001\u20139999), suggesting potential resistance to EBL progression. This is the first comprehensive report of BLV proviral load in Creole cattle across Latin America, offering novel epidemiological insights and highlighting the importance of native breeds in BLV surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14101005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1759738251000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Argentine, Bolivian, Paraguayan and Cuban Native Cattle Using a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay-BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Giovambattista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Gen\u00e9tica Veterinaria \u201cIngeniero Fernando N. Dulout\u201d (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, Av. 60 y 118 S\/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina"},{"name":"Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2424-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aronggaowa","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7630-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Marcuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Gen\u00e9tica Veterinaria \u201cIngeniero Fernando N. Dulout\u201d (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, Av. 60 y 118 S\/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel Loza","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Gabriel Ren\u00e9 Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra 00591, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio Pereira","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Gabriel Ren\u00e9 Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra 00591, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5143-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Florencia","family":"Ortega Masague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia de Extensi\u00f3n Rural (AER Lules-EEA Famaill\u00e1), Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 km 32, Tucum\u00e1n 4132, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liz Aurora Castro","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, Acceso Avda. Mcal. Lopez a Campus UNA, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruben Dario","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Av. Juan XXIII y Ruta Provincial N\u00ba 4, Lomas de Zamora 1832, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1006-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odalys Uffo","family":"Reinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera de Jamaica y Autopista Nacional, San Jos\u00e9 de las Lajas, La Habana 32700, Cuba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Aida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aida, Y., Murakami, H., Takahashi, M., and Takeshima, S.N. 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