{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T22:25:42Z","timestamp":1775600742156,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","award":["PKUSS20210106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKUSS20210106"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","award":["PKUSS20230113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKUSS20230113"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology","award":["PKUSS-SDC202307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKUSS-SDC202307"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Program for Multidisciplinary Cooperative Treatment on Major Disease","award":["PKUSSNMP-202008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PKUSSNMP-202008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caries is the most prevalent chronic disease affecting oral health in preschool children. In this 12-month prospective cohort study of 3\u20134-year-olds, we investigated the community-level bacterial\u2013fungal interkingdom interactome and its role in cariogenic microenvironments, using 16S rRNA gene (bacterial) sequencing and ITS2 gene (fungal) sequencing of unstimulated saliva. Longitudinal analysis identified 19 key bacterial and fungal species that were associated with both caries progression and clinical features. Salivary bacteria Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides heparinolyticus, Alloprevotella, Anaerobiospirillum, and fungus Candida tropicalis not only showed altered abundances during caries development but also correlated with severity of caries, establishing diagnostic microbial signatures for caries prediction. The salivary mycobiome exhibited highly active and complex intra-network interactions in the caries-active state, suggesting that fungal networks may drive the broader community-wide microbiota interaction network in the caries state. Metabolic profiling further revealed distinct pathway shifts before and after caries onset. The findings demonstrate that caries progression follows ecological succession governed by cross-domain interactions. This study highlighted the fungal network\u2019s important role in driving dysbiosis, advancing the current understanding of early childhood caries beyond bacterial-centric models, and also highlighted fungi not only as modulators but as active contributors to cariogenesis, which could guide future antimicrobial strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14101033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T08:10:31Z","timestamp":1760343031000},"page":"1033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Bacterial\u2013Fungal Interactions on Childhood Caries Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2477-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Second Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingqian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huajun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China"},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Dental Caries Status and its Associated Factors among 3- to 5-year-old Children in China: A National Survey","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. 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