{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T05:13:14Z","timestamp":1760591594357,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection caused by fungi of the Mucorales order, typically associated with immunocompromised hosts, but increasingly reported in immunocompetent individuals. This study investigated fungal burden, Th1\/Th17 inflammatory profiles, and organ-specific dynamics in immunocompetent BALB\/c mice intravenously infected with Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor circinelloides, or Rhizomucor pusillus. Colony-forming units were quantified in spleen, liver, and kidney at multiple time points, while serum cytokines and oxidative stress markers were analyzed. The results showed fungal persistence primarily in the spleen, accompanied by species-specific Th1\/Th17 responses: R. oryzae induced the highest inflammatory response among all groups, with maximal cytokine production observed on day 7, particularly for IL-17A (352.58 pg\/mL). In contrast, M. circinelloides exhibited its peak cytokine levels earlier, reaching the highest TNF-\u03b1 concentration on day 3 (425.43 pg\/mL). Meanwhile, R. pusillus triggered an early but moderate inflammatory response, with a maximum TNF-\u03b1 value of 372.62 pg\/mL detected on day 1, followed by clearance. Correlation analysis highlighted distinct immunological patterns, with IL-10 acting as a negative regulator of inflammation, while TNF-\u03b1 and IL-17A reflected infection intensity depending on species and timing. The spleen emerged as a key organ coordinating immune responses during systemic infection. These findings reveal that mucormycosis in immunocompetent hosts triggers complex, species-dependent immune dynamics beyond classical immunosuppression, emphasizing the need to consider host\u2013pathogen interactions when developing targeted antifungal strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14101036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1760420901000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytokine Profile and Oxidative Patterns in Murine Models of Disseminated Infection by Mucorales Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiram","family":"Villanueva-Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional ISSSTE Monterrey, Monterrey 64380, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n G.","family":"Rosas-Taraco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento y Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4433-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio de J.","family":"Trevi\u00f1o-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.010","article-title":"Antifungal Resistance in Mucorales","volume":"50","author":"Dannaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.6358","article-title":"Infecci\u00f3n Por Aspergillus Flavus y Rhizopus Oryzae Complex En Paciente Con Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Bravo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2013.45.3.292","article-title":"Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with Invasive Mucormycosis","volume":"45","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir865","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis","volume":"54","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12566","article-title":"Mucormycosis\u2014From the Pathogens to the Disease","volume":"20","author":"Binder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Shi, C., Huang, Y., Wang, H., Li, W., and Cai, L. (2023). Phenotypic Analysis and Genome Sequence of Rhizopus Oryzae Strain Y5, the Causal Agent of Tobacco Pole Rot. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1031023"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.C., Li, A., Calo, S., and Heitman, J. (2013). Calcineurin Plays Key Roles in the Dimorphic Transition and Virulence of the Human Pathogenic Zygomycete Mucor Circinelloides. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003625"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236","article-title":"Zygomycetes in Human Disease","volume":"13","author":"Ribes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binder, U., Navarro-Mendoza, M.I., Naschberger, V., Bauer, I., Nicolas, F.E., Pallua, J.D., Lass-Fl\u00f6rl, C., and Garre, V. (2018). Generation of A Mucor Circinelloides Reporter Strain\u2014A Promising New Tool to Study Antifungal Drug Efficacy and Mucormycosis. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9120613"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-8682-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Microbiota Alteration Induced by Mucor Circinelloides in a Murine Model","volume":"57","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1435249","article-title":"Understanding Mucor circinelloides Pathogenesis by Comparative Genomics and Phenotypical Studies","volume":"9","author":"Sanchis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1086\/432579","article-title":"Epidemiology and Outcome of Zygomycosis: A Review of 929 Reported Cases","volume":"41","author":"Roden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanger, A., Chavez, V., Huang, R.S.P., Wahed, A., Actor, J.K., and Dasgupta, A. (2017). Overview of Fungal Infections. Microbiology and Molecular Diagnosis in Pathology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805351-5.00009-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12512","article-title":"Stress Response in Medically Important Mucorales","volume":"59","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S499419","article-title":"Application of Metagenomics Next-Generation Sequencing on Diagnosis of Disseminated Infection Caused by Rhizomucor Pusillus in an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walther, G., Wagner, L., and Kurzai, O. (2019). Updates on the Taxonomy of Mucorales with an Emphasis on Clinically Important Taxa. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5040106"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041226","article-title":"The Inflammasome Drives Protective Th1 and Th17 Cellular Responses in Disseminated Candidiasis","volume":"41","author":"Joosten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0254-9","article-title":"RNA-Seq Profile Reveals Th-1 and Th-17-Type of Immune Responses in Mice Infected Systemically with Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"183","author":"Shankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol\u00e1s, F.E., Murcia, L., Navarro, E., Navarro-Mendoza, M.I., P\u00e9rez-Arques, C., and Garre, V. (2020). Mucorales Species and Macrophages. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020094"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14020","article-title":"Impairment of Th Cell Response in Card9 Knockout Mice with Cutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizopus Arrhizus","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00040-21","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro Impairments in T Helper Cell and Neutrophil Responses against Mucor Irregularis in Card9 Knockout Mice","volume":"89","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5010142","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Responses in the Human Fungal Pathogen, Candida Albicans","volume":"5","author":"Dantas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2010.01958.x","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Posaconazole and Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor in the Treatment of Disseminated Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) in a Neutropaenic Murine Model","volume":"54","author":"Saoulidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.721-727.2005","article-title":"Caspofungin Inhibits Rhizopus Oryzae 1,3-\u03b2-d-Glucan Synthase, Lowers Burden in Brain Measured by Quantitative PCR, and Improves Survival at a Low but Not a High Dose during Murine Disseminated Zygomycosis","volume":"49","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02579-19","article-title":"Drug-Resistant Epimutants Exhibit Organ-Specific Stability and Induction during Murine Infections Caused by the Human Fungal Pathogen Mucor Circinelloides","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"105","article-title":"Hepatosplenic Mucormycosis Due to Rhizomucor pusillus Identified by Panfungal PCR\/Sequencing of Ribosomal ITS2 and LSU Regions in a Patient with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: A Case Report","volume":"8","author":"Gillrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samdavid Thanapaul, R.J.R.S., Alamneh, Y.A., Finnegan, D.K., Antonic, V., Abu-Taleb, R., Czintos, C., Boone, D., Su, W., Sajja, V.S., and Getnet, D. (2024). Development of a Combat-Relevant Murine Model of Wound Mucormycosis: A Platform for the Pre-Clinical Investigation of Novel Therapeutics for Wound-Invasive Fungal Diseases. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10050364"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.12.007","article-title":"Aggressive Disseminated Rhizomucor Pusillus Infection in a Ph-like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient: Early Detection by Cell-Free DNA next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-325084","article-title":"Cross-Protective TH1 Immunity against Aspergillus Fumigatus and Candida Albicans","volume":"117","author":"Stuehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomeli-Martinez, S.M., Valentin-Gom\u00e9z, E., Varela-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.J., Alvarez-Zavala, M., Sanchez-Reyes, K., Ramos-Solano, M., Cabrera-Silva, R.I., Ramirez-Anguiano, V.M., Lomeli-Martinez, M.A., and Martinez-Salazar, S.Y. (2019). Candida Spp. Determination and Th1\/Th2 Mixed Cytokine Profile in Oral Samples From HIV+ Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01465"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-30","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding the Th1\/Th2 Effector Choice","volume":"10","author":"Butcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fac. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, D., Lee, A.-H., Shin, H.-Y., Song, H.-R., Park, J.-H., Kang, T.-B., Lee, S.-R., and Yang, S.-H. (2021). The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in Autoimmune Disease and Current TNF-\u03b1 Inhibitors in Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.03.044","article-title":"Th17 Cells: Biology, Pathogenesis of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases, and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"181","author":"Maddur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.03.020","article-title":"Defining the Role of Anti- and Pro-Inflammatory Outcomes of Interleukin-6 in Mental Health","volume":"492","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903496591","article-title":"Splenic and Lung Response to Nonlethal Systemic Aspergillus fumigatus Infection in C57BL\/6 Mice","volume":"48","author":"Mirkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102557","article-title":"Surge of Mucormycosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"52","author":"Dam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01087-20","article-title":"GRP78 and Integrins Play Different Roles in Host Cell Invasion during Mucormycosis","volume":"11","author":"Alqarihi","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldin, C., and Ibrahim, A.S. (2017). Molecular Mechanisms of Mucormycosis\u2014The Bitter and the Sweet. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006408"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42164","article-title":"The Endothelial Cell Receptor GRP78 Is Required for Mucormycosis Pathogenesis in Diabetic Mice","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5416","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-366526","article-title":"Mucorales-Specific T Cells Emerge in the Course of Invasive Mucormycosis and May Be Used as a Surrogate Diagnostic Marker in High-Risk Patients","volume":"118","author":"Potenza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2018.09.002","article-title":"Evaluation of Aspergillus and Mucorales Specific T-Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cytokine Signatures as Biomarkers of Environmental Mold Exposure","volume":"308","author":"Page","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monta\u00f1o, D.E., and Voigt, K. (2020). Host Immune Defense upon Fungal Infections with Mucorales: Pathogen-Immune Cell Interactions as Drivers of Inflammatory Responses. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030173"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01136-07","article-title":"Zygomycetes Hyphae Trigger an Early, Robust Proinflammatory Response in Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Induction but Display Relative Resistance to Oxidative Damage","volume":"52","author":"Chamilos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belic, S., Page, L., Lazariotou, M., Waaga-Gasser, A.M., Dragan, M., Springer, J., Loeffler, J., Morton, C.O., Einsele, H., and Ullmann, A.J. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory Cytokine Release and Alveolar Epithelial Barrier Invasion in a Transwell\u00ae Bilayer Model of Mucormycosis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03204"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis308","article-title":"Characterization of the Cellular Immune Responses to Rhizopus Oryzae with Potential Impact on Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"206","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0246","article-title":"Rhizopus -Host Interplay of Disseminated Mucormycosis in Immunocompetent Mice","volume":"15","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2018.03.003","article-title":"A New Method for Reactivating and Expanding T Cells Specific for Rhizopus Oryzae","volume":"9","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1375","article-title":"A Zebrafish Larval Model Reveals Early Tissue-Specific Innate Immune Responses to Mucor Circinelloides","volume":"8","author":"Voelz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Fulminant Rhizomucor Pusillus Mucormycosis during Anti-Leukemic Treatment with Blinatumomab in a Child: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"32","author":"Schober","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, W., Jin, L., Fu, H., Shen, Y., Lu, G., Mei, H., Cao, X., Wang, H., and Liu, W. (2013). Interleukin-22 Mediates Early Host Defense against Rhizomucor Pusilluscan Pathogens. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065065"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac072.P181","article-title":"P181 Mucor in the Land of the Liver: A Case Report","volume":"60","author":"Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10858","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.10858","article-title":"Invasive Mucormycosis in a Patient with Liver Cirrhosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Elsiesy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepat. Mon."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.12.012","article-title":"Pulmonary Mucormycosis in a Patient with Acute Liver Failure: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2010.00697.x","article-title":"Induction of Oxidative Stress as a Possible Mechanism of the Antifungal Action of Three Phenylpropanoids","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.019","article-title":"Induction of ROS Generation by Fluconazole in Candida Glabrata: Activation of Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative DNA Damage","volume":"82","author":"Mahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-03-0179","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutases in Candida Albicans: Transcriptional Regulation and Functional Characterization of the Hyphal-Induced SOD5 Gene","volume":"15","author":"Martchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Mart\u00ednez, A., Murcia, L., and Rodr\u00edguez-Lozano, F.J. (2023). Oral Manifestations of Mucormycosis: A Systematic Review. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9090935"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads7369","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads7369","article-title":"A Humanized Antibody against Mucormycosis Targets Angioinvasion and Augments the Host Immune Response","volume":"17","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-316430","article-title":"How I Treat Mucormycosis","volume":"118","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/10\/1036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:45:48Z","timestamp":1760589948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/10\/1036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14101036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14101036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]}}}