{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:38:59Z","timestamp":1780580339123,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Direction of the CES University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009834","name":"Autonomous University of Yucatan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"San Martin University"},{"name":"Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008883","name":"Northern Arizona University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the Leptospira genus. Genome editing in Leptospira has been difficult to perform. Currently, the functionality of the CRISPR-Cas system has been demonstrated in species such as Leptospira interrogans. However, the different CRISPR-Cas systems present in most of the 77 species are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify these arrays across the genomes of all described Leptospira species using bioinformatics tools. Methods: a bioinformatics workflow was followed: genomes were downloaded from the NCBI database; Cas protein detection was carried out using the CRISPR-CasFinder and RAST web servers; functional analyses of Cas proteins were performed with InterProScan, ProtParam, Swiss Model, Alphafold3, Swiss PDB Viewer, and Pymol; conservation pattern detection was conducted using MEGA12, and Seqlogos; spacer identification was carried out with the Actinobacteriophages database and BLAST version 1.4.0; and bacteriophage detection was performed using PHASTER, and PHASTEST. Results: Cas proteins were detected in 36 out of the 77 species of the Leptospira species, including Cas1 to Cas9 and Cas12. These proteins were classified into Class 1 and Class 2 systems, corresponding to types I, II, and V. Direct repeats and spacers were detected in 19 species, with the direct repeats exhibiting two conserved nucleotide motifs. Analysis of spacer sequences revealed 323 distinct bacteriophages. Additionally, three intact bacteriophages were detected in the genomes of four Leptospira species. Notably, two saprophytic species have complete CRISPR-Cas systems. Conclusions: The presence of Cas proteins, direct repeats, and spacer sequences with homology to bacteriophage genomes provides evidence for a functional CRISPR-Cas system in at least 19 species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14101044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioinformatic Identification of CRISPR\u2013Cas Systems in Leptospira Genus: An Update on Their Distribution Across 77 Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald Guillermo","family":"Pel\u00e1ez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Group, Graduate School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanita","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Group, Graduate School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8721-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Group, Graduate School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1885-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Milena","family":"Cuartas-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Group, Graduate School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez Garro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CES Biology, Science and Biotechnology School, CES University, Medellin 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Torres-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Hideyo Noguchi Regional Research Center, Laboratory of Zoonoses and Other Vector-Borne Diseases, Autonomous University of Yucatan, M\u00e9rida 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5716-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Urrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCA-CES Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, Universidad CES, Medell\u00edn 050021, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Ernesto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine (ICMT), Sabaneta 055450, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7666-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Emilio","family":"Salazar Florez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEINCRO Research Group, School of Health Sciences, San Martin University, Sabaneta 055457, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando P.","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. 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