{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:40:21Z","timestamp":1794008421308,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesize that a unified mitochondrial perspective on aging, HIV, and long COVID reveals shared pathogenic mechanisms and specific therapeutic vulnerabilities that are overlooked when these conditions are treated independently. Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a common factor driving aging, HIV, and long COVID. Shared mechanisms\u2014including oxidative stress, impaired mitophagy and dynamics, mtDNA damage, and metabolic reprogramming\u2014contribute to ongoing energy failure and chronic inflammation. Recent advancements highlight new therapeutic strategies such as mitochondrial transfer, transplantation, and genome-level correction of mtDNA variants, with early preclinical and clinical studies providing proof-of-concept. This review summarizes current evidence on mitochondrial changes across aging and post-viral syndromes, examines emerging organelle-based therapies, and discusses key challenges related to safety, durability, and translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14101045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging, HIV, and Long COVID: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Delpino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunopatolog\u00eda Viral, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5110-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Quarleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunopatolog\u00eda Viral, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0059-5","article-title":"Deep mitochondrial origin outside the sampled alphaproteobacteria","volume":"557","author":"Martijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-007-0756-2","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death","volume":"12","author":"Ott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorouri, M., Chang, T., and Hancks, D.C. 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