{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:29:46Z","timestamp":1761280186914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2010\/18678-5","2024\/02589-6","2025\/13075-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010\/18678-5","2024\/02589-6","2025\/13075-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensity and prevalence of different gastrointestinal nematode species vary across regions worldwide. Oesophagostomum radiatum commonly shows a high occurrence in young cattle. O. radiatum causes anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, and immunopathological changes in the large intestine wall, impairing calves\u2019 body weight gain. This study aimed to assess the impact of natural O. radiatum infection on haematological parameters and immune responses in 23 Nellore calves, considering sex-based differences. Assessments included Oesophagostomum egg count (EPG), worm count, packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein, histopathological and immunohistochemistry analyses. A large number of parasites attached to the colon mucosa were observed, along with massive nodule formation and haemorrhagic lesions, mainly within a 20\u201330 cm-long segment adjacent to the nodules. The maximum mean egg shedding was approximately 165 EPG for males and 173 EPG for female calves; however, males presented a significantly higher worm count (969 \u00b1 200.5) than females (460 \u00b1 99.5). There were significant positive correlations between the total O. radiatum worm count and O. radiatum EPG for both female and male calves. Significant negative correlations were observed between the total O. radiatum worm count and PCV in female calves. Our results demonstrated that natural O. radiatum infection in Nellore calves induced marked immunopathological alterations, including chronic inflammatory responses that impaired intestinal function. Sex-related differences suggested that female calves may develop more effective tissue responses. These findings emphasise the economic impact of subclinical infections and reinforce the importance of control strategies to minimise productivity losses in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1761182042000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunopathological Changes Caused by Oesophagostomum radiatum in Calves: Insights into Host\u2013Parasite Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar Cristiano","family":"Bassetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6061-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia Alexandre de","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0810-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gabriel Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Lins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Fernandes Dias","family":"Canalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anandra Kau\u00e1ra dos Santos","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3995-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Francisco Talamini","family":"Amarante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109618","article-title":"Investigation of fecal egg counts versus worm burden and helminth fauna in cattle treated or not with macrocyclic lactones in a tropical region","volume":"300","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. 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