{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:20:23Z","timestamp":1761654023319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qinghai University Research Ability Enhancement Project","award":["2025KTST10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KTST10"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82360128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qinghai Province Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Talent Support Program","award":["2024QHSKXRCTJ31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QHSKXRCTJ31"]}]},{"name":"Qinghai Province \u201cKunlun Talents\u00b7High-end Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talents\u201d"},{"name":"Young and Middle-Aged Scientific Research Fund of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital","award":["ASRF-2023-YB-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASRF-2023-YB-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a fatal foodborne parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis. The disease primarily affects the liver. Previous studies have found that Kupffer cells have an immune protective effect, but in the late stages of AE, they are associated with parasite immune escape. The present study analyzed the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces (PSCs) infection on the mitochondrial morphology and function of macrophages, as well as their phagocytic function and apoptosis. Infection with PSCs has been shown to result in the fragmentation of the macrophage mitochondrial network, the impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential, the elevation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and the reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number. This cascade of events, consequent to the infection, has been demonstrated to promote the apoptosis of macrophages and impair their phagocytic function. Inhibiting mitochondrial fission during PSCs infection has been shown to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, suppress macrophage apoptosis, and enhance macrophage phagocytic function. This discovery provides insights into improving macrophage function during the progression of AE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1761652039000},"page":"1097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitochondrial Network Fragmentation Leads to Dysfunction of Macrophages During Echinococcus multilocularis Protoscoleces Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaogang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Province Research Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiyuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panlong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2338-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Province Research Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.01.034","article-title":"Human alveolar echinococcosis-global, regional, and national annual incidence and prevalence rates","volume":"31","author":"Rostami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. 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