{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:25:39Z","timestamp":1790198739176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","award":["7797-CU-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7797-CU-2021"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","award":["27574-R-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27574-R-2020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","award":["28048-R-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28048-R-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Leishmaniasis is a serious global public health challenge. Its accurate diagnosis is essential for guiding treatment but remains complex, often requiring a combination of tests. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of molecular and immunological tests for human tegumentary (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), searching PubMed for studies published between 1990\u20132021. Results: Among 165 included studies, PCR-based tests showed high accuracy, with area under the curve values (AUCFPR) of 0.919 for TL and 0.965 for VL. For TL, serological tests exhibited median sensitivities of 83.3\u201388.1% and specificities of 82.0\u201392.4%. For VL, the direct agglutination test (DAT) and ELISA demonstrated higher sensitivity (93.0\u201393.8%) than rapid tests (89.1%) or immunofluorescence (82.0%), all with high specificity (95.5\u201396.9%). DAT performance (AUCFPR = 0.966) was comparable to molecular tests. Conclusions: Molecular tests are highly accurate for diagnosing leishmaniasis. However, their routine implementation in endemic areas is limited by the need for specialized expertise and infrastructure. We advocate for developing diagnostic procedures tailored to each endemic setting, where molecular methods could facilitate early and accurate diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1762254676000},"page":"1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Global Landscape of Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Tests for Human Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayron Antonio","family":"Candia-Puma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Bioqu\u00edmicas y Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brychs Milagros","family":"Roque-Pumahuanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Bioqu\u00edmicas y Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Yesenia","family":"Machaca-Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Bioqu\u00edmicas y Biotecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leydi","family":"Pola-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8890-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexsandro Sobreira","family":"Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Del-Rei, Divin\u00f3polis 35501-296, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Biotecnologia Industrial (INCT-BI), Distrito Federal, Brasilia 70070-010, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Andrez","family":"Machado-de-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Crici\u00fama 88806-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Cordeiro Giunchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia das Intera\u00e7\u00f5es Celulares, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador 40015-970, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6681-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Antonio","family":"Ferraz Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Adaui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M., Kuhls, K., Cannet, A., Vot\u00fdpka, J., Marty, P., Delaunay, P., and Sereno, D. (2016). A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x","article-title":"Phlebotomine Sandflies and the Spreading of Leishmaniases and Other Diseases of Public Health Concern","volume":"27","author":"Maroli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments","volume":"23","author":"Schallig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., den Boer, M., and WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012). Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2025, February 07). World Health Organization Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-197","article-title":"One Health: The Global Challenge of Epidemic and Endemic Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Day","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00788-y","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Immunopathology\u2014Impact on Design and Use of Vaccines, Diagnostics and Drugs","volume":"42","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06841-x","article-title":"Granulomas in Parasitic Diseases: The Good and the Bad","volume":"119","author":"Giorgio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.057","article-title":"Vaccine Value Profile for Leishmaniasis","volume":"41","author":"Kaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20175794","article-title":"Final Diagnosis of 86 Cases Included in Differential Diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in a Brazilian Sample: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"92","author":"Tirelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reim\u00e3o, J.Q., Coser, E.M., Lee, M.R., and Coelho, A.C. (2020). Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111632"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05524-z","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnostics for Human Leishmania Infections: A Polymerase Chain Reaction-Focussed Review of Detection and Identification Methods","volume":"15","author":"Gow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21910","article-title":"Comparison of Molecular, Microscopic, and Culture Methods for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"30","author":"Rasti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90265-9","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: Comparative Parasitological Methods of Diagnosis","volume":"82","author":"Siddig","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.601-606.2002","article-title":"PCR-Based Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia)","volume":"40","author":"Weigle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, M.L., R\u00eago, F.D., Cota, G., Pascoal-Xavier, M.A., and Oliveira, E. (2021). Potential Antigenic Targets Used in Immunological Tests for Diagnosis of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251956"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes-Souza, D., de Mendes, T.A.O., de Gomes, M.S., Bartholomeu, D.C., and Fujiwara, R.T. (2015). Improving Serodiagnosis of Human and Canine Leishmaniasis with Recombinant Leishmania Braziliensis Cathepsin L-like Protein and a Synthetic Peptide Containing Its Linear B-Cell Epitope. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003426"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimori, M., Valencia-Portillo, R.T., Lindoso, J.A.L., Celeste, B.J., de Almeida, R.P., Costa, C.H.N., da Cruz, A.M., Druzian, A.F., Duthie, M.S., and Fortaleza, C.M.C.B. (2023). Recombinant Protein KR95 as an Alternative for Serological Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Americas. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282483"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque, M.F., Lachaud, L., Simon, L., Battery, E., Marty, P., and Pomares, C. (2020). Place of Serology in the Diagnosis of Zoonotic Leishmaniases With a Focus on Visceral Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania Infantum. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00067"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortalli, M., Lorrai, D., Gaibani, P., Rossini, G., Vocale, C., Re, M.C., and Varani, S. (2020). Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Italy: Evaluation of Seven Serological Tests. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121847"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12940","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12940","article-title":"ELISA-based Evaluation of Antibody Response to Leishmania in a Region Endemic for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Piyasiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.72","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Immune Responses in Protection and Pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarpini, S., Dondi, A., Totaro, C., Biagi, C., Melchionda, F., Zama, D., Pierantoni, L., Gennari, M., Campagna, C., and Prete, A. (2022). Visceral Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Regimens in Different Geographical Areas with a Focus on Pediatrics. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101887"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carstens-Kass, J., Paulini, K., Lypaczewski, P., and Matlashewski, G. (2021). A Review of the Leishmanin Skin Test: A Neglected Test for a Neglected Disease. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009531"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896919876706","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and Molecular Diagnosis of Mucocutaneous and Mucosal Leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00208-13","article-title":"Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of Leishmania (Viannia) Organisms in Skin and Mucosal Lesions: Exploratory Study of Parasite Load and Clinical Parameters","volume":"51","author":"Jara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2859-8","article-title":"Real-Time PCR Applications for Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, L., Singh, K.K., Shanker, V., Negi, A., Jain, A., Matlashewski, G., and Jain, M. (2018). Atypical Leishmaniasis: A Global Perspective with Emphasis on the Indian Subcontinent. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006659"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesa, L.E., Manrique, R., Muskus, C., and Robledo, S.M. (2020). Test Accuracy of Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods against Conventional Diagnostic Techniques for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in Patients with Clinical or Epidemiological Suspicion of CL: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007981"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makau-Barasa, L.K., Ochol, D., Yotebieng, K.A., Adera, C.B., and de Souza, D.K. (2022). Moving from Control to Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis in East Africa. Front. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.965609"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagos, D.G., Kiros, Y.K., Abdulkader, M., Schallig, H.D.F.H., and Wolday, D. (2024). Comparison of the Diagnostic Performances of Five Different Tests in Diagnosing Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region of Ethiopia. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020163"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereno, D., Oury, B., Geiger, A., Vela, A., Karmaoui, A., and Desquesnes, M. (2022). Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification to Detect Infection Caused by Parasites of the Trypanosomatidae Family: A Literature Review and Opinion on the Laboratory to Field Applicability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147543"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharadwaj, M., Bengtson, M., Golverdingen, M., Waling, L., and Dekker, C. (2021). Diagnosing Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Neglected Tropical Diseases. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009405"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106926","article-title":"MiniPCR as a Portable Equipment for the Molecular Diagnosis of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"243","author":"Cossio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated Guidance and Exemplars for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2300-7","article-title":"Citation-Based Clustering of Publications Using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer","volume":"111","author":"Waltman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.6.1188","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Evaluating Diagnostic Test Accuracy: A Practical Review for Clinical Researchers-Part II. Statistical Methods of Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104791","article-title":"The Accuracy of Machine Learning Approaches Using Non-Image Data for the Prediction of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"164","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019007","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2019007","article-title":"Diagnostic Test Accuracy: Application and Practice Using R Software","volume":"41","author":"Shim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000353863","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy Measures","volume":"36","author":"Eusebi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.02.022","article-title":"Bivariate Analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity Produces Informative Summary Measures in Diagnostic Reviews","volume":"58","author":"Reitsma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1099","article-title":"Properties of the Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) Curve for Diagnostic Test Data","volume":"21","author":"Walter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Doebler, P., Holling, H., and Sousa-Pinto, B. (2021, December 21). Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy with Mada. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mada\/vignettes\/mada.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.05.002","article-title":"Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: Accuracy and Molecular Validation of Noninvasive Procedures in a L. (V.) Braziliensis-Endemic Area","volume":"79","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2015.03.010","article-title":"Field Validation of a Leishmania (Leishmania) Mexicana Exo-Antigens ELISA for Diagnosing Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Regions of Leishmania (Viannia) Predominance","volume":"19","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.06.009","article-title":"American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: Direct Species Identification of Leishmania in Non-Invasive Clinical Samples","volume":"101","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neitzke-Abreu, H.C., Venazzi, M.S., Bernal, M.V.Z., Reinhold-Castro, K.R., Vagetti, F., Mota, C.A., Silva, N.R., Aristides, S.M.A., Silveira, T.G.V., and Lonardoni, M.V.C. (2013). Detection of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia): Accuracy of Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062473"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.02.014","article-title":"Leishmania (V.) Braziliensis: Detection by PCR in Biopsies from Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"119","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.06.001","article-title":"An ELISA Immunoassay Employing a Conserved Leishmania Hypothetical Protein for the Serodiagnosis of Visceral and Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Dogs and Humans","volume":"318","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.11.004","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Direct Agglutination Test, RK39 and Soluble Antigen ELISA and IFAT for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"102","author":"Pedras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702009000100011","article-title":"Comparison of Serological and Parasitological Methods for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis in the State of Paran\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Szargiki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.11.840","article-title":"Parasite Detection in Patients with Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in India: A Comparison between Molecular and Immunological Methods","volume":"56","author":"Salotra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00465-15","article-title":"Proteins Selected in Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis by an Immunoproteomic Approach with Potential Serodiagnosis Applications for Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20402","article-title":"Immunoenzymatic Assay for the Diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Using Soluble and Membrane-Enriched Fractions from Infectious Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis","volume":"24","author":"Cataldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, A.P., Soto, M., Costa, J.M.L., Boaventura, V.S., de Oliveira, C.I., Cristal, J.R., Barral-Netto, M., and Barral, A. (2013). Towards a More Precise Serological Diagnosis of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Using Leishmania Recombinant Proteins. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066110"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90520-4","article-title":"Recombinant Antigens for Specific and Sensitive Serodiagnosis of Latin American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"Montoya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00149-06","article-title":"Use of Immunoglobulin g Avidity to Determine the Course of Disease in Visceral and Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Patients","volume":"13","author":"Redhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(94)00083-D","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Jordan Using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","volume":"59","author":"Mosleh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00133-07","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) Caused by Leishmania Tropica in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey, Where ACL Is Highly Endemic","volume":"14","author":"Zeyrek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.112641","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Recombinant Leishmania Infantum Prohibitin Protein and a Synthetic Peptide Containing Its Conformational B-Cell Epitope","volume":"474","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deepachandi, B., Weerasinghe, S., Ranasinghe, S., Andrahennadi, T.P., Wickramanayake, M.N., Siri, S., Karunaweera, N., Chandrasekharan, V., Chatterjee, M., and Soysa, P. (2020). First Serological Study Revealing High Humoral Response and Evidence for Antigenic Heterogeneity in Leishmania Donovani Induced CL in Sri Lanka. BioMed Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5271657"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.05.026","article-title":"A Conserved Leishmania Hypothetical Protein Evaluated for the Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral and Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, as Well as a Serological Marker for the Posttreatment Patient Follow-Up","volume":"92","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5397-y","article-title":"Evaluation of a Hypothetical Protein for Serodiagnosis and as a Potential Marker for Post-Treatment Serological Evaluation of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Patients","volume":"116","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01904-16","article-title":"Use of Recombinant Antigens for Sensitive Serodiagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Caused by Different Leishmania Species","volume":"55","author":"Celeste","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bracamonte, M.E., \u00c1lvarez, A.M., Sosa, A.M., Hoyos, C.L., Lauthier, J.J., Cajal, S.P., Juarez, M., Uncos, R.E., S\u00e1nchez-Vald\u00e9z, F.J., and Acu\u00f1a, L. (2020). High Performance of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Diagnosis with Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis Amastigotes Membrane Crude Antigens. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232829"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90316-7","article-title":"Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Chiclero\u2019s Ulcer) in Mexico: Sensitivity and Specificity of ELISA for IgG Antibodies to Leishmania Mexicana Mexicana","volume":"84","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes-Souza, D., de Mendes, T.A.O., Nagem, R.A.P., Santos, T.T.d.O., Silva, A.L.T., Santoro, M.M., de Carvalho, S.F.G., Coelho, E.A.F., Bartholomeu, D.C., and Fujiwara, R.T. (2014). Mapping B-Cell Epitopes for the Peroxidoxin of Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis and Its Potential for the Clinical Diagnosis of Tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099216"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00141-X","article-title":"Antibody Subclass Profile against Leishmania Braziliensis and Leishmania Amazonensis in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Mucosal Leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"Pedras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01552.x","article-title":"Clinical Value of Anti-Live Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis Immunoglobulin G Subclasses, Detected by Flow Cytometry, for Diagnosing Active Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Rocha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.91","article-title":"Evaluation of Antigens from Various Leishmania Species in a Western Blot for Diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Reiche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.06.004","article-title":"Methods Incorporating a Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Their Use as a \u201cgold Standard\u201d in Diagnosing Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"71","author":"Azmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000100018","article-title":"Evaluation of Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Routine Diagnosis for Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in a Referral Centre","volume":"105","author":"Fagundes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90074-X","article-title":"A Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (Ln-PCR) for Diagnosing and Monitoring Leishmania Infantum Infection in Patients Co-Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"96","author":"Cruz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.511","article-title":"PCR Detection of Leishmania in Skin Biopsies","volume":"3","author":"Lemrani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, P., Mehrotra, S., Tiwary, P., Chakravarty, J., and Sundar, S. (2011). Diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis by Nucleic Acid Detection Using PCR. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019304"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90070-2","article-title":"Validation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North-West Colombia","volume":"96","author":"Isaza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-420","article-title":"Molecular Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Identification of the Causative Leishmania Species in Morocco by Using Three PCR-Based Assays","volume":"7","author":"Mouttaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0385","article-title":"Diagnostic Efficacy of Molecular Techniques for Detection and Identification of Leishmania Species in Human Whole Blood and Skin Samples from Ecuador","volume":"95","author":"Santander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.10.005","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) Subgenus KDNA Amplification for the Diagnosis of Mucosal Leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"Disch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3572-3576.2002","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR for Diagnosis of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Area of Endemicity in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Coutinho","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.5.1145-1149.1995","article-title":"PCR and in Vitro Cultivation for Detection of Leishmania Spp. in Diagnostic Samples from Humans and Dogs","volume":"33","author":"Mathis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1419-1422.2003","article-title":"Prospective Value of PCR Amplification and Sequencing for Diagnosis and Typing of Old World Leishmania Infections in an Area of Nonendemicity","volume":"41","author":"Gangneux","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.849-854.2001","article-title":"Development of a Species-Specific PCR Assay for Detection of Leishmania Donovani in Clinical Samples from Patients with Kala-Azar and Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Salotra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759038","article-title":"Efficiency of Noninvasive Sampling Methods (Swab) Together with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Diagnosing American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"59","author":"Boni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06520-6","article-title":"Improving the Sensitivity of an Hsp20-Based PCR for Genus Detection of Leishmania Parasites in Cutaneous Clinical Samples: A Proof of Concept","volume":"119","author":"Montalvo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deepachandi, B., Weerasinghe, S., Soysa, P., Karunaweera, N., and Siriwardana, Y. (2019). A Highly Sensitive Modified Nested PCR to Enhance Case Detection in Leishmaniasis. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4180-3"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12910","article-title":"Polymerase Chain Reaction-Miniexon: A Promising Diagnostic Method for Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"55","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000063150","article-title":"Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Histologically Positive, Suspicious and Negative Skin Biopsies","volume":"205","author":"Safaei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000061","article-title":"Polymerase Chain Reaction with Two Molecular Targets in Mucosal Leishmaniasis\u2019 Diagnosis: A Validation Study","volume":"102","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01954-16","article-title":"Field Validation of SYBR Green- and TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Using Biopsy and Swab Samples To Diagnose American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in an Area Where Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis Is Endemic","volume":"55","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12047","article-title":"Reliable Diagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) Using Slit Aspirate Specimen to Avoid Invasive Sampling Procedures","volume":"18","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.108019","article-title":"Duplex QPCR for Leishmania Species Identification Using Lesion Imprint on Filter Paper","volume":"219","author":"Pessoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Silva, G., Somaratne, V., Senaratne, S., Vipuladasa, M., Wickremasinghe, R., Wickremasinghe, R., and Ranasinghe, S. (2017). Efficacy of a New Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit to Diagnose Sri Lankan Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Donovani. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187024"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00359-5","article-title":"The Use of Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) in Serological Diagnosis of Ethiopian Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"42","author":"Hailu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1191-1194.2005","article-title":"Potential of Direct Agglutination Test Based on Promastigote and Amastigote Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bangert, M., Flores-Ch\u00e1vez, M.D., Llanes-Acevedo, I.P., Arcones, C., Chicharro, C., Garc\u00eda, E., Ortega, S., Nieto, J., and Cruz, I. (2018). Validation of RK39 Immunochromatographic Test and Direct Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis in Spain. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006277"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2010.09.001","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Human Leishmania Infantum Infection: A Comparative Field Study Using the Fast Agglutination Screening Test and the Direct Agglutination Test","volume":"8","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt004","article-title":"Validation of a Direct Agglutination Test Prototype Kit for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"107","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(02)90139-6","article-title":"Pediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis in Albania","volume":"6","author":"Lita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0574","article-title":"Local Production of a Liquid Direct Agglutination Test as a Sustainable Measure for Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"94","author":"Osman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.04.010","article-title":"Direct Agglutination Test (DAT): Improvement of Biosafety for Laboratory Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0530","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Performance of Direct Agglutination Test on Filter Paper Blood Sample for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"Hasnain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X65107","article-title":"Usefulness of the Direct Agglutination Test in the Early Detection of Subclinical Leishmania Donovani Infection: A Community-Based Study","volume":"99","author":"Bimal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.8.1984-1988.1995","article-title":"Evaluation of Cleaving Agents Other than Trypsin in Direct Agglutination Test for Further Improving Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Chowdhury","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.04.007","article-title":"Improvement of Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) for Laboratory Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01251.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a Urinary Antigen-Based Latex Agglutination Test in the Diagnosis of Kala-Azar in Eastern Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Rijal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0042","article-title":"Antigen Detection in Urine for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Analysis from Ethiopia","volume":"99","author":"Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01308.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Direct Agglutination Test Based on Freeze-Dried Leishmania Donovani Promastigotes for the Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudanese Patients","volume":"9","author":"Abdallah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90125-A","article-title":"Evaluation of the Direct Agglutination Test as an Immunodiagnostic Tool for Kala-Azar in India","volume":"87","author":"Singla","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90021-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) Using Freeze-Dried Antigen for the Detection of Anti-Leishmania Antibodies in Stored Sera from Various Patient Groups in Ethiopia","volume":"93","author":"Oskam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.7.1742-1745.1995","article-title":"Leish-KIT, a Stable Direct Agglutination Test Based on Freeze-Dried Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Meredith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90303-X","article-title":"A Latex Agglutination Test for the Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"90","author":"Moody","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90196-8","article-title":"A Fast Agglutination Screening Test (FAST) for the Detection of Anti-Leishmania Antibodies","volume":"95","author":"Schoone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o Freire, M., Machado de Assis, T., Oliveira, E., Moreira de Avelar, D., Siqueira, I.C., Barral, A., Rabello, A., and Cota, G. (2019). Performance of Serological Tests Available in Brazil for the Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007484"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03064.x","article-title":"Latent Class Analysis of Diagnostic Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Rabello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46643-0","article-title":"Beta-Mercaptoethanol-Modified ELISA for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"55","author":"Abass","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813275","article-title":"The Latex Agglutination Test: Standardization and Comparison with Direct Agglutination and Dot-ELISA in the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India","volume":"92","author":"Bagchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001378","article-title":"Multicentre Evaluation of a Direct Agglutination Test Prototype Kit (DAT-LPC) for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"144","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01538.x","article-title":"Sero-Epidemiological Study of Kala-Azar in a Village of Varanasi District, India","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abass, E., Bollig, N., Reinhard, K., Camara, B., Mansour, D., Visekruna, A., Lohoff, M., and Steinhoff, U. (2013). RKLO8, a Novel Leishmania Donovani\u2014Derived Recombinant Immunodominant Protein for Sensitive Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002322"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90023-J","article-title":"Field Application of an ELISA Using Redefined Leishmania Antigens for the Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"Wamachi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00155-8","article-title":"Latex Agglutination Test for the Detection of Urinary Antigens in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"78","author":"Attar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0229","article-title":"Evaluation of Two RK39 Dipstick Tests, Direct Agglutination Test, and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a New Epidemic Site in Highland Ethiopia","volume":"84","author":"Herrero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01026.x","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation and Comparison of the Direct Agglutination Test and an RK39-Antigen-Based Dipstick Test for the Diagnosis of Suspected Kala-Azar in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Chappuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.153","article-title":"Use of the Recombinant K39 Dipstick Test and the Direct Agglutination Test in a Setting Endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Nepal","volume":"63","author":"Bern","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2020.112765","article-title":"Laboratorial Algorithm for Serological Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Using RK39-ICT, DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1","volume":"480","author":"Saliba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayelign, B., Jemal, M., Negash, M., Genetu, M., Wondmagegn, T., Zeleke, A.J., Worku, L., Bayih, A.G., Shumie, G., and Behaksra, S.W. (2020). Validation of In-House Liquid Direct Agglutination Test Antigen: The Potential Diagnostic Test in Visceral Leishimaniasis Endemic Areas of Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01780-0"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000700015","article-title":"Evaluation of the Direct Agglutination Test and the RK39 Dipstick Test for the Sero-Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"97","author":"Schallig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.026","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis by Detection of Leishmania-Related Antigen in Urine and Oral Fluid Samples","volume":"167","author":"Habboul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.02.009","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Anti-Fixed Leishmania Infantum Promastigotes Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Detected by Flow Cytometry as a Diagnostic Tool for Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"469","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.08.018","article-title":"Serological Diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis: Direct Agglutination Test versus RK39 Strip Test","volume":"100","author":"Sundar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X252278","article-title":"A Community-Based, Comparative Evaluation of Direct Agglutination and RK39 Strip Tests in the Early Detection of Subclinical Leishmania Donovani Infection","volume":"102","author":"Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abass, E., Kang, C., Martinkovic, F., Semi\u00e3o-Santos, S.J., Sundar, S., Walden, P., Piarroux, R., El Harith, A., Lohoff, M., and Steinhoff, U. (2015). Heterogeneity of Leishmania Donovani Parasites Complicates Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Comparison of Different Serological Tests in Three Endemic Regions. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116408"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00313-07","article-title":"Use of a Newly Developed Beta-Mercaptoethanol Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Diagnose Visceral Leishmaniasis in Patients in Eastern Sudan","volume":"14","author":"Mansour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01533.x","article-title":"Field Validity, Reproducibility and Feasibility of Diagnostic Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Rural Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Chappuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.12.002","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: Assessment of a Latex Agglutination Test Based on the A2 Antigen from Amastigote Forms of Leishmania Infantum","volume":"133","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.12.007","article-title":"Urine Antigen Detection by Latex Agglutination Test for Diagnosis and Assessment of Initial Cure of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Salam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.004","article-title":"Multi-Centric Prospective Evaluation of Rk39 Rapid Test and Direct Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"105","author":"Pedras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01775.x","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Parasitology and Serological Tests in the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: A Phase III Diagnostic Accuracy Study","volume":"12","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, F., Picado, A., Owen, S.I., Ghosh, P., Chowdhury, R., Maruf, S., Khan, M.A.A., Rashid, M.U., Nath, R., and Baker, J. (2021). Evaluation of LoopampTM Leishmania Detection Kit and Leishmania Antigen ELISA for Post-Elimination Detection and Management of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.670759"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.11.012","article-title":"Leishmania Infantum Mimotopes and a Phage-ELISA Assay as Tools for a Sensitive and Specific Serodiagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"Salles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107941","article-title":"A New Leishmania Hypothetical Protein Can Be Used for Accurate Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis and as a Potential Prognostic Marker for Human Disease","volume":"216","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.02.001","article-title":"Serological Diagnosis and Prognostic of Tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniasis Using a Conserved Leishmania Hypothetical Protein","volume":"67","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180405","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760180405","article-title":"Evaluation of Three Recombinant Proteins for the Development of ELISA and Immunochromatographic Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis Serodiagnosis","volume":"114","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102230","article-title":"Evidence-Based Diagnostic Algorithm for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh","volume":"80","author":"Shomik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06352-4","article-title":"Leishmania Infantum Exo-Antigens: Application toward Serological Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"118","author":"Saliba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.020","article-title":"Antigenicity of Phage Clones and Their Synthetic Peptides for the Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"110","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.01.005","article-title":"Evaluation of Leishmania Infantum Pyridoxal Kinase Protein for the Diagnosis of Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"220","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeijon, C., Alves, F., Monnerat, S., Mbui, J., Viana, A.G., Almeida, R.M., Bueno, L.L., Fujiwara, R.T., and Campos-Neto, A. (2020). Urine-Based Antigen Detection Assay for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Six Protein Biomarkers of Leishmania Infantum\/Leishmania Donovani. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008246"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeijon, C., Alves, F., Monnerat, S., Wasunna, M., Mbui, J., Viana, A.G., Bueno, L.L., Siqueira, W.F., Carvalho, S.G., and Agrawal, N. (2019). Development of a Multiplexed Assay for Detection of Leishmania Donovani and Leishmania Infantum Protein Biomarkers in Urine Samples of Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 57.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02076-18"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.344","article-title":"The Sensitivity and Specificity of Leishmania Chagasi Recombinant K39 Antigen in the Diagnosis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis and in Differentiating Active from Subclinical Infection","volume":"67","author":"Braz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/15321810802116006","article-title":"Validation of a Recombinant Based Antibody ELISA for Diagnosis of Human and Canine Leishmaniasis","volume":"29","author":"Scalone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunoass. Immunochem."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallur, A.C., Tutterrow, Y.L., Mohamath, R., Pattabhi, S., Hailu, A., Abdoun, A.O., Ahmed, A.E., Mukhtar, M., Salam, M.A., and Almeida, M.L. (2015). Development and Comparative Evaluation of Two Antigen Detection Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1125-3"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03540.x","article-title":"Evaluation of RK28 Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India","volume":"18","author":"Vaish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1667-2","article-title":"Evaluation of Diagnostic Performance of RK28 ELISA Using Urine for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0127","article-title":"RK39 Antigen for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Using Human Saliva","volume":"86","author":"Vaish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.01.015","article-title":"A New PCR-ELISA for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Blood of HIV-Negative Subjects","volume":"99","author":"Hutse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.M., Penido, M., dos Santos, M.S., Doro, D., de Freitas, E., Michalick, M.S.M., Grimaldi, G., Gazzinelli, R.T., and Fernandes, A.P. (2012). Improved Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Immunodiagnosis Using Combinations of Synthetic Peptides in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001622"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00773.x","article-title":"Host Humoral Immune Response to Leishmania Lipid-Binding Protein","volume":"27","author":"Maache","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeijon, C., and Campos-Neto, A. (2013). Potential Non-Invasive Urine-Based Antigen (Protein) Detection Assay to Diagnose Active Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002161"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.028","article-title":"Evaluation of Three Recombinant Leishmania Infantum Antigens in Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnosis","volume":"137","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.04.014","article-title":"Purification, Characterization of O-Acetylated Sialoglycoconjugates-Specific IgM, and Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis and Follow-up of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients","volume":"50","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.544","article-title":"Compararative Evaluation of RK9, RK26 and RK39 Antigens in the Serodiagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00267-11","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis by Detection of Leishmania Antibodies and Leishmania DNA in Oral Fluid Samples Collected Using an Oracol Device","volume":"49","author":"Chabchoub","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.6.1361-1366.2002","article-title":"Leishmania Major-like Antigen for Specific and Sensitive Serodiagnosis of Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Nunes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.4.789-794.2002","article-title":"Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Urine Samples","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0620","article-title":"A Novel 12.6-KDa Protein of Leishmania Donovani for the Diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0623","article-title":"Recombinant Leishmania Infantum Heat Shock Protein 83 for the Serodiagnosis of Cutaneous, Mucosal, and Visceral Leishmaniases","volume":"90","author":"Celeste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822006000500001","article-title":"Diagnosing Human Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Urban Area of the State of Minas Gerais, Using Serological and Molecular Biology Techniques","volume":"39","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00257-12","article-title":"Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Crude Leishmania Histone Proteins for Serodiagnosis of Human Infantile Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Lakhal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0261","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Novel Leishmania Donovani Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"86","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0102","article-title":"Characterization of Novel Leishmania Infantum Recombinant Proteins Encoded by Genes from Five Families with Distinct Capacities for Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"85","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.12.1410-1415.2005","article-title":"Application of an Improved Method for the Recombinant k 39 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Visceral Leishmaniasis Disease and Infection in Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Kurkjian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.241-248.1996","article-title":"Synthetic Peptide-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"34","author":"Fargeas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0092","article-title":"Antileishmania Immunological Tests for Asymptomatic Subjects Living in a Visceral Leishmaniasis-Endemic Area in Brazil","volume":"84","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00559-10","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Novel, 37-Kilodalton Leishmania Donovani Antigen for Diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.07.013","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania KDNA in Human Serum Samples for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"103","author":"Caligiorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000700011","article-title":"Evaluation of a Rapid Test Using Recombinant K39 Antigen in the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"36","author":"Lemos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.07.004","article-title":"Anti-Fixed Leishmania Chagasi Promastigotes IgG Antibodies Detected by Flow Cytometry (FC-AFPA-IgG) as a Tool for Serodiagnosis and for Post-Therapeutic Cure Assessment in American Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"350","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02620-15","article-title":"Accurate Serodetection of Asymptomatic Leishmania Donovani Infection by Use of Defined Antigens","volume":"54","author":"Vallur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.09.010","article-title":"Recombinant Leishmania Rab6 (RLdRab6) Is Recognized by Sera from Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients","volume":"170","author":"Chauhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siqueira, W.F., Viana, A.G., Reis Cunha, J.L., Rosa, L.M., Bueno, L.L., Bartholomeu, D.C., Cardoso, M.S., and Fujiwara, R.T. (2021). The Increased Presence of Repetitive Motifs in the KDDR-plus Recombinant Protein, a Kinesin-Derived Antigen from Leishmania Infantum, Improves the Diagnostic Performance of Serological Tests for Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009759"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5568077","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5568077","article-title":"Improved Performance of ELISA and Immunochromatographic Tests Using a New Chimeric A2-Based Protein for Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnosis","volume":"2021","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque, M.F., Battery, E., Delaunay, P., Lmimouni, B.E., Aoun, K., L\u2019Ollivier, C., Bastien, P., Mary, C., Pomares, C., and Fillaux, J. (2020). Evaluation of Six Commercial Kits for the Serological Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008139"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.475-479.2001","article-title":"Imported Visceral Leishmaniasis: Diagnostic Dilemmas and Comparative Analysis of Three Assays","volume":"40","author":"Iqbal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.10.034","article-title":"Immunochromatographic RK39 Strip Test in the Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"103","author":"Saghrouni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1","article-title":"Pediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Retrospective Study to Propose the Diagnostic Tests Algorithm in Southern Iran","volume":"120","author":"Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90514-3","article-title":"Specificity of a Commercial Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique in the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Patients Infected with HIV-1","volume":"90","author":"Gallardo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0145-2013","article-title":"Performance of a Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Large Urban Setting","volume":"46","author":"Moura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0489","article-title":"Evaluation of RK-39 Strip Test Using Urine for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region of India","volume":"88","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Abdus Salam, M. (2025, October 27). Diagnostic Laboratory Tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis and Exploration of Genotype and Genetic Diversity of Leishmania donovani Isolates from Kalaazar Patients. 2013.  RUCL Institucional Repository. Available online: http:\/\/rulrepository.ru.ac.bd\/handle\/123456789\/631."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera, G., Castillo, A., Ayala, M.S., Fl\u00f3rez, C., Cantillo-Barraza, O., and Ramirez, J.D. (2019). Evaluation of Four Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4353-0"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12415","article-title":"Comparison of Recombinant Proteins of Kinesin 39, Heat Shock Protein 70, Heat Shock Protein 83, and Glycoprotein 63 for Antibody Detection of Leishmania Martiniquensis Infection","volume":"64","author":"Siripattanapipong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-280","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Detection of Leishmania DNA in Buffy Coat from Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.12.001","article-title":"Comparison of PCR-Based Diagnoses for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh","volume":"63","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02548.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of the Leishmania OligoC-TesT and NASBA-Oligochromatography for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Basiye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.09.001","article-title":"A Urine-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Immunocompetent Patients","volume":"60","author":"Motazedian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.10.021","article-title":"Validity of the Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Clinically Suspected Cases of American Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.09.005","article-title":"PCR for Diagnosis and Assessment of Cure in Kala-Azar Patients in Bangladesh","volume":"113","author":"Salam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00130-11","article-title":"Noninvasive Molecular Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Vaish","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0527","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Real-Time PCR for the Clinical Management of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"89","author":"Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008152143","article-title":"Pediatric Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnosis in Tunisia: Comparative Study between Optimised PCR Assays and Parasitological Methods","volume":"15","author":"Kaouech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.3.751","article-title":"Diagnosis of Symptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis by Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction on Patient Blood","volume":"171","author":"Nuzum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3038-3041.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR for Diagnosis of Indian Kala-Azar and Assessment of Cure","volume":"43","author":"Maurya","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.236-240.2000","article-title":"Optimized PCR Using Patient Blood Samples for Diagnosis and Follow-up of Visceral Leishmaniasis, with Special Reference to AIDS Patients","volume":"38","author":"Lachaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02154.x","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Leishmania PCR for Clinical Visceral Leishmaniasis in Nepal and Its Role in Diagnosis of Disease","volume":"13","author":"Deborggraeve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90066-6","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Leishmania Chagasi DNA for the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Human Infection","volume":"97","author":"Disch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, F., Ghosh, P., Khan, M.A.A., Duthie, M.S., Vallur, A.C., Picone, A., Howard, R.F., Reed, S.G., and Mondal, D. (2017). Real-Time PCR in Detection and Quantitation of Leishmania Donovani for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients and the Monitoring of Their Response to Treatment. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185606"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000036","article-title":"Sensitivity and Specificity of Polymerase Chain Reaction in Giemsa-Stained Slides for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children","volume":"102","author":"Brustoloni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2017.12.003","article-title":"Evaluation of a Pan-Leishmania Spliced-Leader RNA Detection Method in Human Blood and Experimentally Infected Syrian Golden Hamsters","volume":"20","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_213","unstructured":"(2025, February 07). World Health Organization Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/EB150\/B150_10-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105178","article-title":"Real-Time PCR to Differentiate among Leishmania (Viannia) Subgenus, Leishmania (Leishmania) Infantum and Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis: Application on Brazilian Clinical Samples","volume":"201","author":"Diotallevi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1078\/0932-4739-00016","article-title":"Immune Responses to Protozoan Parasites and Its Relevance to Diagnosis in Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"39","author":"Pfaff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Protistol."},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Shreffler, J., and Huecker, M.R. (2020). Diagnostic Testing Accuracy: Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Values and Likelihood Ratios, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_218","first-page":"1","article-title":"The International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY) at 3 Years: An Analysis of 4,658 Registered Protocols on Inplasy.Com, Platform Features, and Website Statistics","volume":"8","author":"Canellas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Res. Metrics Anal."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, G.A.S., Costa, D.L., Costa, C.H.N., de Almeida, R.P., de Melo, E.V., de Carvalho, S.F.G., Rabello, A., de Carvalho, A.L., de Sousa, A.Q., and Leite, R.D. (2017). Efficacy and Safety of Available Treatments for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open Label Trial. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005706"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/11\/1123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:44:54Z","timestamp":1762256694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/11\/1123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":219,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14111123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14111123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]}}}