{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:09:31Z","timestamp":1790186971097,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is considered one of the emerging bacterial agents causing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in hospital environments. This microorganism has been identified as multidrug-resistant, capable of forming mature biofilms\u2014an ability that promotes adherence to surfaces and invasive medical devices, favoring persistence in hospital environments and the potential to generate outbreaks. The aim of this study was to characterize S. maltophilia strains isolated from HAI cases at the Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico and to determine the presence of hidden outbreaks. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined, along with the typing of 20 genes associated with virulence factors and the assessment of the ability to form mature biofilms on inert surfaces. Finally, sequence type (ST) was obtained through multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the clonal diversity of the isolates. All strains showed uniform resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics tested while remaining sensitive to fluoroquinolones, phenicols, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole. Some isolates exhibited adherent activity, with the \u201cstrong biofilm-former\u201d phenotype predominating. Sixteen virulence-related genes were heterogeneously detected, revealing broad genetic diversity. MLST analysis grouped the isolates into nine ST related to infection cases reported in others countries. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the presence of three potential clones distributed across Internal Medicine and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. These results highlight the importance of investigating S. maltophilia as an HAI-associated pathogen that remains understudied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Clonal Transmission (ST92) in Critical Care Units at Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico: MLST and Virulence Profiling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Nicolas-Sayago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemente","family":"Cruz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio M.","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Manuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7496-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Castro-Escarpulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda G.","family":"Ort\u00edz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9195-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Zamarripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital Psiqui\u00e1trico Dr. Samuel Ram\u00edrez Moreno, Valle de Chalco 56619, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3851-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Rojas-Bernab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5354-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayeli G.","family":"Nieto-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tolentino-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Bravata-Alc\u00e1ntara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C.","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ornelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"M\u00e1rquez-Valdelamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Gen\u00f3mica, LaNaBio, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dulce M.","family":"Razo Blanco-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0201-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3587-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Tamayo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Carmen, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1.","family":"Loyola-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Bello-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.57","article-title":"Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"11","author":"Denton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E.J., Kim, Y.C., Ahn, J.Y., Jeong, S.J., Ku, N.S., Choi, J.Y., Yeom, J.-S., and Song, Y.G. (2019). Risk factors for mortality in patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia and clinical impact of quinolone\u2013resistant strains. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4394-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Ji, S., Cho, D., Lee, A., Jeong, H.S., Kim, M., Kim, S.E., Park, K.H., Jung, S.I., and Kim, U.J. (2024). Persistence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Patients with Bacteremia: Incidence, Clinical and Microbiologic Characters, and Outcomes. 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Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.02.001","article-title":"Virulence genes in clinical and environmental Stenotrophomas maltophilia isolates: A genome sequencing and gene expression approach","volume":"67\u201368","author":"Adamek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuMont, A.L., and Cianciotto, N.P. (2017). Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Serine Protease StmPr1 Induces Matrilysis, Anoikis, and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Infect. Immun., 85.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00544-17"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1157\/13083366","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, un pat\u00f3geno nosocomial de importancia creciente Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an increasingly important nosocomial pathogen","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. 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