{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1784683219555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS-NUS Joint Research Grant","award":["A-8000216-00-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-8000216-00-00"]}]},{"name":"JSPS-NUS Joint Research Grant","award":["JPJSBP120229002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120229002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023996","name":"Singapore Food Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["W22W3D0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W22W3D0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydroponic farming offers sustainability benefits, but its microbial safety remains a concern, particularly regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission. This study evaluated the potential for conjugative plasmid transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hydroponic systems, using Salmonella Saintpaul B23 as a donor and various Escherichia coli strains and a self-isolated Salmonella strain from a hydroponic system as recipients. The tested bacteria are human enteric bacteria and may have a chance of being introduced into hydroponic systems. The transconjugation assay was conducted in hydroponic solutions and on different hydroponic components. Results revealed that hydroponic solutions and plant substrates could support significant transconjugation (&gt;4 log CFU transconjugants detected in per mL hydroponic solution and &gt;4 log CFU transconjugants detected in per g plant substrates), while facility surfaces showed minimal transfer (&lt;1 log CFU transconjugants detected on per cm2 surface). UV irradiation reduced plasmid transfer rates significantly (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting its potential as a mitigation strategy, though proper implementation is critical. Antibiotic residues at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations exhibited varying effects on AMR propagation, with gentamicin and chloramphenicol unexpectedly reducing transconjugants. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of AMR transmission in hydroponics and underscore the importance of monitoring, UV application, and cautious use of recycled waste to ensure microbial safety and mitigate AMR risks in agricultural production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:57:55Z","timestamp":1762765075000},"page":"1134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Hydroponic Farming Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Htut","family":"Zwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore"},{"name":"National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 09). 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