{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:18:38Z","timestamp":1791469118592,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-21-CE15-0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-21-CE15-0041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV) was first identified in Africa in the mid-20th century and circulated for decades with limited and often unnoticed human cases. This situation changed with the emergence of the Asian lineage, responsible for large outbreaks in the Pacific and the Americas and for severe complications such as Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome and Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). In contrast, the African lineage, although frequently more efficient in replication, cytopathogenicity, and mosquito transmission in experimental systems, has not been linked to comparable epidemics or congenital disease clusters. This review summarizes current knowledge on the differences between African and Asian lineages at the molecular, cellular, and epidemiological levels. It highlights how genetic variation interacts with host immunity, ecological factors, and human activity to shape epidemic potential. Understanding these interactions is essential for anticipating future outbreaks and for improving strategies to mitigate the impact of emerging arboviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1763025045000},"page":"1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Zika Virus: A Tale of Two Lineages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Bribes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Nisole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, S.J., Carlson, C.J., Mordecai, E.A., and Johnson, L.R. (2019). Global Expansion and Redistribution of Aedes-Borne Virus Transmission Risk with Climate Change. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007213"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S976","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix405","article-title":"Zika Virus Mosquito Vectors: Competence, Biology, and Vector Control","volume":"216","author":"Kauffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., and Dai, X. (2024). The Global Incidence and Trends of Three Common Flavivirus Infections (Dengue, Yellow Fever, and Zika) from 2011 to 2021. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1458166"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiscox, A., Jones, R.T., Dennehy, J., Dyall, W., Paris, L., Spencer, F.I., Keating, F., Seelig, F., Narendran, A., and Das, A. (2025). An Exploration of Current and Future Vector-Borne Disease Threats and Opportunities for Change. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1585412"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0714-0","article-title":"The Continued Threat of Emerging Flaviviruses","volume":"5","author":"Pierson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika Virus (I). Isolations and Serological Specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00072-15","article-title":"Zika Virus","volume":"29","author":"Musso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01239-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01239-16","article-title":"How Did Zika Virus Emerge in the Pacific Islands and Latin America?","volume":"7","author":"Pettersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix451","article-title":"History and Emergence of Zika Virus","volume":"216","author":"Gubler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa227","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa227","article-title":"Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: A Historic Overview","volume":"27","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddow, A.D., Schuh, A.J., Yasuda, C.Y., Kasper, M.R., Heang, V., Huy, R., Guzman, H., Tesh, R.B., and Weaver, S.C. (2012). Genetic Characterization of Zika Virus Strains: Geographic Expansion of the Asian Lineage. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001477"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.411","article-title":"Isolation of Zika Virus from Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes in Malaysia","volume":"18","author":"Marchette","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(54)90006-1","article-title":"Zika Virus: A Report on Three Cases of Human Infection during an Epidemic of Jaundice in Nigeria","volume":"48","author":"MacNamara","year":"1954","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villarroel, P.M.S., Hamel, R., Gumpangseth, N., Yainoy, S., Koomhin, P., Miss\u00e9, D., and Wichit, S. (2024). Global Seroprevalence of Zika Virus in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011842"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.171082","article-title":"Zika: The Origin and Spread of a Mosquito-Borne Virus","volume":"94","author":"Kindhauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.171883","article-title":"Distinguishing Zika and Dengue Viruses through Simple Clinical Assessment, Singapore","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61977-2","article-title":"Emerging Arboviruses in the Pacific","volume":"384","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30446-2","article-title":"Zika Virus in French Polynesia 2013\u201314: Anatomy of a Completed Outbreak","volume":"18","author":"Musso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.140138","article-title":"Zika Virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20720","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20720","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Complicated by Guillain-Barre Syndrome\u2014Case Report, French Polynesia, December 2013","volume":"19","author":"Oehler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Outbreak Associated with Zika Virus Infection in French Polynesia: A Case-Control Study","volume":"387","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.8217","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak in Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Heukelbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303115","article-title":"Initial Description of the Presumed Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Martelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02063-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02063-16","article-title":"Emergence of Epidemic Zika Virus Transmission and Congenital Zika Syndrome: Are Recently Evolved Traits to Blame?","volume":"8","author":"Weaver","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.190928","article-title":"Genomic Epidemiology of 2015\u20132016 Zika Virus Outbreak in Cape Verde","volume":"26","author":"Faye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1026","article-title":"A Review of the Recent Epidemiology of Zika Virus Infection","volume":"112","author":"Rabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jupille, H., Seixas, G., Mousson, L., Sousa, C.A., and Failloux, A.-B. (2016). Zika Virus, a New Threat for Europe?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/048454"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"101271","article-title":"Strengthening Resilience to Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases in Europe: Lessons Learnt from Countries Facing Endemic Transmission","volume":"53","author":"Charnley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health\u2014Eur."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1067","article-title":"A Structural Perspective of the Flavivirus Life Cycle","volume":"3","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.062208-0","article-title":"Flavivirus RNA Methylation","volume":"95","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. General. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-015-1273-y","article-title":"Expression of a Second Open Reading Frame Present in the Genome of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strain Neudoerfl Is Not Detectable in Infected Cells","volume":"52","author":"Selinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K., Martinez, M.G., Lin, J., Gregory, J., Nguyen, T.U., Abdelaal, R., Kang, K., Brennand, K., Gr\u00fcnweller, A., and Ouyang, Z. (2022). Transcriptional and Translational Dynamics of Zika and Dengue Virus Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071418"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53085-9","article-title":"Zika Viruses Encode 5\u2032 Upstream Open Reading Frames Affecting Infection of Human Brain Cells","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Falco, L., Silva, N.M., Santos, N.C., Huber, R.G., and Martins, I.C. (2021). The Pseudo-Circular Genomes of Flaviviruses: Structures, Mechanisms, and Functions of Circularization. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030642"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22521","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.234302","article-title":"Identification of Cis-Acting Elements in the 3\u2032-Untranslated Region of the Dengue Virus Type 2 RNA That Modulate Translation and Replication*","volume":"286","author":"Manzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02506-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02506-18","article-title":"RNA Structure Duplication in the Dengue Virus 3\u2032 UTR: Redundancy or Host Specificity?","volume":"10","author":"Villordo","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52870-w","article-title":"A Specific Domain within the 3\u2032 Untranslated Region of Usutu Virus Confers Resistance to the Exonuclease ISG20","volume":"15","author":"Zoladek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9365","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00567-13","article-title":"Differential RNA Sequence Requirement for Dengue Virus Replication in Mosquito and Mammalian Cells","volume":"87","author":"Villordo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.10.007","article-title":"A Highly Structured, Nuclease-Resistant, Noncoding RNA Produced by Flaviviruses Is Required for Pathogenicity","volume":"4","author":"Pijlman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.01.026","article-title":"Functional Non-Coding RNAs Derived from the Flavivirus 3\u2032 Untranslated Region","volume":"206","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm1051","article-title":"RNA Chaperoning and Intrinsic Disorder in the Core Proteins of Flaviviridae","volume":"36","author":"Lavergne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00719","article-title":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses","volume":"118","author":"Barrows","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00229-06","article-title":"Evaluation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Dengue Virus NS1 Antigen in Human Serum","volume":"13","author":"Dussart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.03.008","article-title":"The Flavivirus NS1 Protein: Molecular and Structural Biology, Immunology, Role in Pathogenesis and Application as a Diagnostic Biomarker","volume":"98","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.036","article-title":"Flavivirus NS1 Triggers Tissue-Specific Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Reflecting Disease Tropism","volume":"26","author":"Glasner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.036","article-title":"Multiple Amino Acid Changes at the First Glycosylation Motif in NS1 Protein of West Nile Virus Are Necessary for Complete Attenuation for Mouse Neuroinvasiveness","volume":"29","author":"Whiteman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02060-4","article-title":"Differential Neurovirulence of Usutu Virus Lineages in Mice and Neuronal Cells","volume":"18","author":"Constant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01114-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-16","article-title":"A Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus from the 2015 Epidemic in Brazil as a Genetic Platform for Studies of Virus-Host Interactions and Vaccine Development","volume":"7","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00640-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00640-19","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of African and Asian Lineage-Derived Zika Virus Strains Reveals Differences in Activation of and Sensitivity to Antiviral Innate Immunity","volume":"93","author":"Aarreberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22365","article-title":"Evolutionary Enhancement of Zika Virus Infectivity in Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"545","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00002-08","article-title":"Role of Nonstructural Protein NS2A in Flavivirus Assembly","volume":"82","author":"Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2025.2457112","article-title":"Flavivirus NS2A Orchestrates Reticulophagy to Enhance Viral Pathogenicity","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.04.008","article-title":"Dengue Virus NS2 and NS4: Minor Proteins, Mammoth Roles","volume":"154","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoladek, J., and Nisole, S. (2023). Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses and Type I Interferon: Catch Me If You Can!. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257024"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.006","article-title":"From Mosquitos to Humans: Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye, O., Freire, C.C.M., Iamarino, A., Faye, O., De Oliveira, J.V.C., Diallo, M., Zanotto, P.M.A., and Sall, A.A. (2014). Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus during Its Emergence in the 20th Century. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002636"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e111","article-title":"Zika Virus Evolution on the Edges of the Pacific Ocean","volume":"6","author":"Diancourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx223","article-title":"The Diversification of Zika Virus: Are There Two Distinct Lineages?","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-016-3774-9","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Central Roles of Two African Countries in the Evolution and Worldwide Spread of Zika Virus","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.090","article-title":"A Recursive Sub-Typing Screening Surveillance System Detects the Appearance of the ZIKV African Lineage in Brazil: Is There a Risk of a New Epidemic?","volume":"96","author":"Kasprzykowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Matos, S.M.S., Hennigen, A.F., Wachholz, G.E., Rengel, B.D., Schuler-Faccini, L., Roehe, P.M., Varela, A.P.M., and Fraga, L.R. (2021). Possible Emergence of Zika Virus of African Lineage in Brazil and the Risk for New Outbreaks. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.680025"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"525","article-title":"Possible Roles of New Mutations Shared by Asian and American Zika Viruses","volume":"34","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22402","article-title":"Zika Virus Evolution and Spread in the Americas","volume":"546","author":"Metsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, S.-J., and Huang, S.-W. (2021). Contributions of Genetic Evolution to Zika Virus Emergence. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.655065"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S897","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix511","article-title":"Neurological Implications of Zika Virus Infection in Adults","volume":"216","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0078-2","article-title":"The Asian Lineage of Zika Virus: Transmission and Evolution in Asia and the Americas","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.48","article-title":"Comparative Genomic Analysis of Pre-Epidemic and Epidemic Zika Virus Strains for Virological Factors Potentially Associated with the Rapidly Expanding Epidemic","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3390\/v3091562","article-title":"Dengue\u2014Quo Tu et Quo Vadis?","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18660-0","article-title":"The Extent of Homologous Recombination in Members of the Genus Flavivirus","volume":"84","author":"Twiddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. General. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01063-09","article-title":"A Trans-Complementing Recombination Trap Demonstrates a Low Propensity of Flaviviruses for Intermolecular Recombination","volume":"84","author":"Taucher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01582-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01582-17","article-title":"Characterization of Recombinant Flaviviridae Viruses Possessing a Small Reporter Tag","volume":"92","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00977-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00977-21","article-title":"Intra- and Inter-Cellular Modeling of Dynamic Interaction between Zika Virus and Its Naturally Occurring Defective Viral Genomes","volume":"95","author":"Sharov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9633","article-title":"Analysis of the Steps Involved in Dengue Virus Entry into Host Cells","volume":"257","author":"Hung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00097-1","article-title":"Role of Heparan Sulfate for Attachment and Entry of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus","volume":"308","author":"Kroschewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.embor866","article-title":"Dendritic-Cell-Specific ICAM3-Grabbing Non-Integrin Is Essential for the Productive Infection of Human Dendritic Cells by Mosquito-Cell-Derived Dengue Viruses","volume":"4","author":"Altmeyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32035","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402296200","article-title":"C-Type Lectins L-SIGN and DC-SIGN Capture and Transmit Infectious Hepatitis C Virus Pseudotype Particles*","volume":"279","author":"Lozach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Routhu, N.K., Lehoux, S.D., Rouse, E.A., Bidokhti, M.R.M., Giron, L.B., Anzurez, A., Reid, S.P., Abdel-Mohsen, M., Cummings, R.D., and Byrareddy, S.N. (2019). Glycosylation of Zika Virus Is Important in Host\u2013Virus Interaction and Pathogenic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.1101\/564542"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0263-x","article-title":"Identification of GRP 78 (BiP) as a Liver Cell Expressed Receptor Element for Dengue Virus Serotype 2","volume":"149","author":"Jindadamrongwech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.2650-2657.1999","article-title":"Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection of Primary Human Monocytes\/Macrophages by Blockade of Virus Entry via a CD14-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.009","article-title":"The TIM and TAM Families of Phosphatidylserine Receptors Mediate Dengue Virus Entry","volume":"12","author":"Meertens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Schaar, H.M., Rust, M.J., Chen, C., van der Ende-Metselaar, H., Wilschut, J., Zhuang, X., and Smit, J.M. (2008). Dissecting the Cell Entry Pathway of Dengue Virus by Single-Particle Tracking in Living Cells. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000244"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, R., Ramasamy, V., Shanmugam, R.K., Ahuja, R., and Khanna, N. (2020). Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: A Challenge for Developing a Safe Dengue Vaccine. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572681"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarker, A., Dhama, N., and Gupta, R.D. (2023). Dengue Virus Neutralizing Antibody: A Review of Targets, Cross-Reactivity, and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1200195"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140456","article-title":"Flaviviral RNAs: Weapons and Targets in the War between Virus and Host","volume":"462","author":"Bidet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ci, Y., Liu, Z.-Y., Zhang, N.-N., Niu, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, C., Yang, W., Qin, C.-F., and Shi, L. (2019). Zika NS1\u2013Induced ER Remodeling Is Essential for Viral Replication. J. Cell Biol., 219.","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201903062"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/v3020160","article-title":"Flavivirus Cell Entry and Membrane Fusion","volume":"3","author":"Smit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185181","article-title":"Cross-Reacting Antibodies Enhance Dengue Virus Infection in Humans","volume":"328","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0685","article-title":"African and Asian Zika Virus Isolates Display Phenotypic Differences Both In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willard, K., Demakovsky, L., Tesla, B., Goodfellow, F., Stice, S., Murdock, C., and Brindley, M. (2017). Zika Virus Exhibits Lineage-Specific Phenotypes in Cell Culture, in Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes, and in an Embryo Model. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120383"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bribes, I., Zoladek, J., Cannac, M., Salinas, S., Wilson, S.J., and Nisole, S. (2025). African Strains of Zika Virus Resist ISG-Mediated Restriction. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013326"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, T.P., Auerswald, H., In, S., Peng, B., Pang, S., Boyer, S., Choeung, R., Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M., Dussart, P., and Duong, V. (2021). Replication Variance of African and Asian Lineage Zika Virus Strains in Different Cell Lines, Mosquitoes and Mice. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061250"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowen, J.R., Quicke, K.M., Maddur, M.S., O\u2019Neal, J.T., McDonald, C.E., Fedorova, N.B., Puri, V., Shabman, R.S., Pulendran, B., and Suthar, M.S. (2017). Zika Virus Antagonizes Type I Interferon Responses during Infection of Human Dendritic Cells. PLOS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006164"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6sterlund, P., Jiang, M., Westenius, V., Kuivanen, S., J\u00e4rvi, R., Kakkola, L., Lundberg, R., Mel\u00e9n, K., Korva, M., and Av\u0161i\u010d-\u017dupanc, T. (2019). Asian and African Lineage Zika Viruses Show Differential Replication and Innate Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52307-1"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00292-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00292-17","article-title":"Phenotypic Differences between Asian and African Lineage Zika Viruses in Human Neural Progenitor Cells","volume":"2","author":"Anfasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.020","article-title":"Zika Virus Strains Potentially Display Different Infectious Profiles in Human Neural Cells","volume":"12","author":"Simonin","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"4114","article-title":"The African Zika Virus MR-766 Is More Virulent and Causes More Severe Brain Damage than Current Asian Lineage and Dengue Virus","volume":"144","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.01.015","article-title":"African and Asian Zika Virus Strains Differentially Induce Early Antiviral Responses in Primary Human Astrocytes","volume":"49","author":"Hamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.010","article-title":"Zika Virus Induces Strong Inflammatory Responses and Impairs Homeostasis and Function of the Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium","volume":"39","author":"Simonin","year":"2019","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01183-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01183-20","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Promotes Local Inflammation, Cell Adhesion Molecule Upregulation, and Leukocyte Recruitment at the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"11","author":"Desmetz","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00850-3","article-title":"Zika Virus NS3 Protease Induces Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Dependent Brain Calcification in Human Fetuses","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616097114","article-title":"Vulnerability of Primitive Human Placental Trophoblast to Zika Virus","volume":"114","author":"Sheridan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheridan, M.A., Balaraman, V., Schust, D.J., Ezashi, T., Roberts, R.M., and Franz, A.W.E. (2018). African and Asian Strains of Zika Virus Differ in Their Ability to Infect and Lyse Primitive Human Placental Trophoblast. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200086"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714624114","article-title":"Replication of Early and Recent Zika Virus Isolates throughout Mouse Brain Development","volume":"114","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vielle, N.J., Zumkehr, B., Garc\u00eda-Nicol\u00e1s, O., Blank, F., Stojanov, M., Musso, D., Baud, D., Summerfield, A., and Alves, M.P. (2018). Silent Infection of Human Dendritic Cells by African and Asian Strains of Zika Virus. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23734-3"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8610","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw765","article-title":"Molecular Signatures Associated with ZIKV Exposure in Human Cortical Neural Progenitors","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.005","article-title":"Recent Zika Virus Isolates Induce Premature Differentiation of Neural Progenitors in Human Brain Organoids","volume":"20","author":"Gabriel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092818-015756","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Genes: What Do They All Do?","volume":"6","author":"Schoggins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.01.008","article-title":"Differential Responses of Human Fetal Brain Neural Stem Cells to Zika Virus Infection","volume":"8","author":"McGrath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02816-2","article-title":"An Evolutionary NS1 Mutation Enhances Zika Virus Evasion of Host Interferon Induction","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobillot, T.A., Humes, D., Sharma, A., Kikawa, C., and Overbaugh, J. (2020). The Robust Restriction of Zika Virus by Type-I Interferon in A549 Cells Varies by Viral Lineage and Is Not Determined by IFITM3. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050503"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.009","article-title":"Zika Virus Targets Human STAT2 to Inhibit Type I Interferon Signaling","volume":"19","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0016-3","article-title":"Asian Zika Virus Strains Target CD14+ Blood Monocytes and Induce M2-Skewed Immunosuppression during Pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Foo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199040","article-title":"American-Asian- and African Lineages of Zika Virus Induce Differential pro-Inflammatory and Interleukin 27-Dependent Antiviral Responses in Human Monocytes","volume":"325","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaver, J.T., Lelutiu, N., Habib, R., and Skountzou, I. (2018). Evolution of Two Major Zika Virus Lineages: Implications for Pathology, Immune Response, and Vaccine Development. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01640"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowall, S.D., Graham, V.A., Rayner, E., Hunter, L., Atkinson, B., Pearson, G., Dennis, M., and Hewson, R. (2017). Lineage-Dependent Differences in the Disease Progression of Zika Virus Infection in Type-I Interferon Receptor Knockout (A129) Mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005704"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, S., Balasubramaniam, V.R.M.T., Brown, J.A., Mena, I., Grant, A., Bardina, S.V., Maringer, K., Schwarz, M.C., Maestre, A.M., and Sourisseau, M. (2017). A Novel Zika Virus Mouse Model Reveals Strain Specific Differences in Virus Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Immune Responses. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006258"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.12.010","article-title":"Mapping and Role of the CD8+ T Cell Response During Primary Zika Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Ngono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21199-z","article-title":"Recent African Strains of Zika Virus Display Higher Transmissibility and Fetal Pathogenicity than Asian Strains","volume":"12","author":"Aubry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0263","article-title":"Differential Neurovirulence of African and Asian Genotype Zika Virus Isolates in Outbred Immunocompetent Mice","volume":"97","author":"Duggal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenig, M.R., Mitzey, A.M., Morgan, T.K., Zeng, X., Simmons, H.A., Mejia, A., Leyva Jaimes, F., Keding, L.T., Crooks, C.M., and Weiler, A.M. (2023). Infection of the Maternal-Fetal Interface and Vertical Transmission Following Low-Dose Inoculation of Pregnant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) with an African-Lineage Zika Virus. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284964"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raasch, L.E., Yamamoto, K., Newman, C.M., Rosinski, J.R., Shepherd, P.M., Razo, E., Crooks, C.M., Bliss, M.I., Breitbach, M.E., and Sneed, E.L. (2022). Fetal Loss in Pregnant Rhesus Macaques Infected with High-Dose African-Lineage Zika Virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010623"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02220-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02220-20","article-title":"African-Lineage Zika Virus Replication Dynamics and Maternal-Fetal Interface Infection in Pregnant Rhesus Macaques","volume":"95","author":"Crooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koide, F., Goebel, S., Snyder, B., Walters, K.B., Gast, A., Hagelin, K., Kalkeri, R., and Rayner, J. (2016). Development of a Zika Virus Infection Model in Cynomolgus Macaques. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02028"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayner, J.O., Kalkeri, R., Goebel, S., Cai, Z., Green, B., Lin, S., Snyder, B., Hagelin, K., Walters, K.B., and Koide, F. (2018). Comparative Pathogenesis of Asian and African-Lineage Zika Virus in Indian Rhesus Macaque\u2019s and Development of a Non-Human Primate Model Suitable for the Evaluation of New Drugs and Vaccines. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0096.v1"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sow, A.A., Jamadagni, P., Scaturro, P., Patten, S.A., and Chatel-Chaix, L. (2024). A Zebrafish-Based in Vivo Model of Zika Virus Infection Unveils Alterations of the Glutamatergic Neuronal Development and NS4A as a Key Viral Determinant of Neuropathogenesis. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012756"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maleski, A.L.A., Rosa, J.G.S., Bernardo, J.T.G., Astray, R.M., Walker, C.I.B., Lopes-Ferreira, M., and Lima, C. (2022). Recapitulation of Retinal Damage in Zebrafish Larvae Infected with Zika Virus. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091457"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0166-2","article-title":"Differential Transmission of Asian and African Zika Virus Lineages by Aedes Aegypti from New Caledonia","volume":"7","author":"Calvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, R.S., O\u2019Connor, O., Bersot, M.I.L., Girault, D., Dokunengo, M.R., Pocquet, N., Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M., and Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira, R. (2020). Vector Competence of Aedes Aegypti, Aedes Albopictus and Culex Quinquefasciatus from Brazil and New Caledonia for Three Zika Virus Lineages. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070575"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weger-Lucarelli, J., R\u00fcckert, C., Chotiwan, N., Nguyen, C., Garcia Luna, S.M., Fauver, J.R., Foy, B.D., Perera, R., Black, W.C., and Kading, R.C. (2016). Vector Competence of American Mosquitoes for Three Strains of Zika Virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005101"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161484","article-title":"Variation in Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Competence for Zika Virus Transmission","volume":"23","author":"Roundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20747-3","article-title":"Role of Mutational Reversions and Fitness Restoration in Zika Virus Spread to the Americas","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309866","article-title":"AXL-Mediated Productive Infection of Human Endothelial Cells by Zika Virus","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.032","article-title":"Brain-Region-Specific Organoids Using Mini-Bioreactors for Modeling ZIKV Exposure","volume":"165","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18296","article-title":"The Brazilian Zika Virus Strain Causes Birth Defects in Experimental Models","volume":"534","author":"Cugola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.010","article-title":"A Mouse Model of Zika Virus Pathogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Lazear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01348-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01348-17","article-title":"Zika Virus Encoding Nonglycosylated Envelope Protein Is Attenuated and Defective in Neuroinvasion","volume":"91","author":"Annamalai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roozitalab, A., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Tang, Q., and Zhao, R.Y. (2025). The Evolving Role of Zika Virus Envelope Protein in Viral Entry and Pathogenesis. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060817"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005722117","article-title":"A Zika Virus Envelope Mutation Preceding the 2015 Epidemic Enhances Virulence and Fitness for Transmission","volume":"117","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7120","article-title":"A Single Mutation in the prM Protein of Zika Virus Contributes to Fetal Microcephaly","volume":"358","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaeger, A.S., Murrieta, R.A., Goren, L.R., Crooks, C.M., Moriarty, R.V., Weiler, A.M., Rybarczyk, S., Semler, M.R., Huffman, C., and Mejia, A. (2019). Zika Viruses of African and Asian Lineages Cause Fetal Harm in a Mouse Model of Vertical Transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007343"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.02.012","article-title":"Mutation S139N on Zika Virus prM Protein Shifts Immune Response from Asian to Contemporary Strain","volume":"126","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01801-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01801-22","article-title":"Key Residue in the Precursor Region of M Protein Contributes to the Neurovirulence and Neuroinvasiveness of the African Lineage of Zika Virus","volume":"97","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.011","article-title":"Integrative Analysis of Zika Virus Genome RNA Structure Reveals Critical Determinants of Viral Infectivity","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.106","article-title":"Evolution of Codon Usage in Zika Virus Genomes Is Host and Vector Specific","volume":"5","author":"Butt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170385","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170385","article-title":"NS1 Codon Usage Adaptation to Humans in Pandemic Zika Virus","volume":"113","author":"Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodfellow, F.T., Willard, K.A., Wu, X., Scoville, S., Stice, S.L., and Brindley, M.A. (2018). Strain-Dependent Consequences of Zika Virus Infection and Differential Impact on Neural Development. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100550"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvez, E., Mousson, L., Vazeille, M., O\u2019Connor, O., Cao-Lormeau, V.-M., Mathieu-Daud\u00e9, F., Pocquet, N., Failloux, A.-B., and Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M. (2018). Zika Virus Outbreak in the Pacific: Vector Competence of Regional Vectors. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006637"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz077","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Zika Virus in Selected Regions in Kenya","volume":"113","author":"Kisuya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.05.011","article-title":"Low Zika Virus Seroprevalence among Pregnant Women in North Central Nigeria, 2016","volume":"105","author":"Egah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2466","article-title":"A Report of Zika Virus Seroprevalence in Republic of the Congo","volume":"20","author":"Nurtop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01658.x","article-title":"Virulence Evolution and the Trade-off Hypothesis: History, Current State of Affairs and the Future","volume":"22","author":"Alizon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berngruber, T.W., Froissart, R., Choisy, M., and Gandon, S. (2013). Evolution of Virulence in Emerging Epidemics. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003209"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13692","article-title":"Virulence-Driven Trade-Offs in Disease Transmission: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Acevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00099-0","article-title":"Evolution of Virulence","volume":"18","author":"Ewald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.008","article-title":"Battling the Bite: Tradeoffs in Immunity to Insect-Borne Pathogens","volume":"44","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandon, S., Hochberg, M.E., Holt, R.D., and Day, T. (2013). What Limits the Evolutionary Emergence of Pathogens?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 368.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0086"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4206","article-title":"Zika Viral Dynamics and Shedding in Rhesus and Cynomolgus Macaques","volume":"22","author":"Osuna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, D., Lou, Y., He, D., Porco, T.C., Kuang, Y., Chowell, G., and Ruan, S. (2016). Prevention and Control of Zika as a Mosquito-Borne and Sexually Transmitted Disease: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28070"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170036","article-title":"High Infection Rates for Adult Macaques after Intravaginal or Intrarectal Inoculation with Zika Virus","volume":"23","author":"Haddow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritzell, C., Rousset, D., Adde, A., Kazanji, M., Van Kerkhove, M.D., and Flamand, C. (2018). Current Challenges and Implications for Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Seroprevalence Studies Worldwide: A Scoping Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006533"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.08.006","article-title":"Protective and Enhancing Interactions among Dengue Viruses 1-4 and Zika Virus","volume":"43","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3515","article-title":"Dengue Virus Sero-Cross-Reactivity Drives Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection with Zika Virus","volume":"17","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02790-9","article-title":"Discordant Congenital Zika Syndrome Twins Show Differential in Vitro Viral Susceptibility of Neural Progenitor Cells","volume":"9","author":"Goulart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2521","article-title":"A Variant Upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) Creating a Novel Interferon Gene IFNL4 Is Associated with Impaired Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus","volume":"45","author":"Muchmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.144289","article-title":"IFNL4: Notable Variants and Associated Phenotypes","volume":"730","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona, P., and Gandon, S. (2020). Winter Is Coming: Pathogen Emergence in Seasonal Environments. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007954"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-351","article-title":"Modelling Adult Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus Survival at Different Temperatures in Laboratory and Field Settings","volume":"6","author":"Brady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinhold, J.M., Lazzari, C.R., and Lahond\u00e8re, C. (2018). Effects of the Environmental Temperature on Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus Mosquitoes: A Review. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9040158"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614303114","article-title":"Global Risk Model for Vector-Borne Transmission of Zika Virus Reveals the Role of El Ni\u00f1o 2015","volume":"114","author":"Caminade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101386","article-title":"Averting Wildlife-Borne Infectious Disease Epidemics Requires a Focus on Socio-Ecological Drivers and a Redesign of the Global Food System","volume":"47","author":"Wegner","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morand, S., and Lajaunie, C. (2021). Outbreaks of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Are Associated with Changes in Forest Cover and Oil Palm Expansion at Global Scale. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.661063"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2011-S05","article-title":"Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century","volume":"39","author":"Gubler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2018.07.025","article-title":"Effect of Population Density on Epidemics","volume":"510","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2024.0108","article-title":"Navigating the Interconnected Web of Health: A Comprehensive Review of the One Health Paradigm and Its Implications for Disease Management","volume":"66","author":"Hernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy196","article-title":"Coinfection with Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Dengue Virus Results in Preferential ZIKV Transmission by Vector Bite to Vertebrate Host","volume":"218","author":"Chaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6ertz, G.P., Vogels, C.B.F., Geertsema, C., Koenraadt, C.J.M., and Pijlman, G.P. (2017). Mosquito Co-Infection with Zika and Chikungunya Virus Allows Simultaneous Transmission without Affecting Vector Competence of Aedes Aegypti. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005654"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, O.J., Bastos, L.S., Caldwell, J.M., Cauchemez, S., Clapham, H.E., Dorigatti, I., Gaythorpe, K.A.M., Hu, W., Hussain-Alkhateeb, L., and Johansson, M.A. (2025). Why the Growth of Arboviral Diseases Necessitates a New Generation of Global Risk Maps and Future Projections. PLoS Comput. Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012771"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/11\/1151\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T05:35:51Z","timestamp":1763098551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/14\/11\/1151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens14111151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14111151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]}}}