{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T05:17:39Z","timestamp":1780118259073,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006348","name":"Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["VIEP-VIMA-NAT-23-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIEP-VIMA-NAT-23-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are intracellular protozoan parasites that cause reproductive failure and production losses in ruminants. Considering the limited information on the epidemiology of these infections in goats in different climate regions, this study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with parasitic infections in Mexico. Blood samples were collected from 627 goats in dry and temperate climates in two different states. The levels of T. gondii and N. caninum IgG antibodies were determined using commercially available ELISA kits. The prevalence of T. gondii in the dry and temperate climate, dry climate alone, and temperate climate alone were 52.0%, 57.1%, and 48%, respectively. The prevalence of N. caninum in the dry and temperate climate, dry climate alone, and temperate climate alone were 15.5%, 19.0%, and 12.7%, respectively. Using animal characteristics and farm management information obtained from a questionnaire and remotely sensed climate data, bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with parasite infections. Significant differences in the seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats were observed between sexes in the temperate climate. The history of abortion was the most significant risk factor for T. gondii in the dry climate. Factors such as goat age and history of abortion were significantly associated with high seropositivity of N. caninum in the dry climate. Sex and the presence of cats were identified as significant factors for T. gondii in regions with a dry and temperate climate. Abortion and climate regions were common risk factors for these infections in the dry and temperate climate regions. The results indicate that regionally adapted monitoring and control programmes may be developed to reduce the prevalence of these two parasites and reduce production losses in the livestock industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"1170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum Infections Among Goats in Mexico Is Associated with Climatic, Environmental, and Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Villa-Mancera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Vargas-Tizatl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda en Producci\u00f3n Animal Sostenible, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Robles-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Utrera-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7455-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Olivares-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Ciudad Altamirano 40662, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5499-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Olmedo-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"C\u00f3rdova-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Agr\u00edcola y Animal, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, CDMX 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0333-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gardu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Chapingo, Teapa 86800, Tabasco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0182-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Ponce-Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, T\u00e9cpan de Galeana 04960, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nallely","family":"Rivero-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca de Soto 40900, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0531-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Patricio-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8134-8660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huitzim\u00e9ngari","family":"Campos-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Tecamachalco 75482, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.11.004","article-title":"Neosporosis, toxoplasmosis, and sarcocystosis in ruminants: An update","volume":"36","author":"Lindsay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. 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